Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: A review

Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was applied to quantify HULIS (humic-like substances) for the first time in 2012 winter and 2013 summer at an urban site in Lanzhou. Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water soluble inorganic ions, and carbonaceous species (OC/EC) were also analyzed. The results show that OM (Organic Matter = OC × 1.6, constituting 45.8% to PM 2.5 ) was the most abundant species, followed by SNA (SO 4 2− + NO 3 − + NH 4 + , constituting 23.4% to PM 2.5 ). The chemical species were in the order of:The annual average concentration of HULIS was 4.70 μg/m −3 and HULISc (carbon content of HULIS) contributed 6.19% to PM 2.5 and 45.6% to WSOC, indicating that HULIS was the most important components of WSOC. The concentration of HULIS was 2.14 ± 0.80 μg/m 3 in summer and 7.24 ± 2.77 μg/m 3 in winter,respectively. The concentrations of HULIS were relatively low and stable in summer, while high and varied dramatically in winter. The abundance of HULISc in WSOC shows a more concentrated distribution in Lanzhou, with a range between 0.28-0.57. The ratios of HULIS/K + were 6.25 ± 1.41 and 6.14 ± 1.96 in summer and winter, respectively, suggesting there were other significant sources in addition to biomass burning emissions. HULIS and WSOC exhibited similar seasonal variation and had a strong positive correlation. In addition to the good relationship (0.89) between HULIS and Cl − in winter, the great enhancement of HULIS with significantly high Cl − and relatively low K + in winter indicated that residential coal burning was probably an important HULIS source in Contents lists available at ScienceDirectScience of the Total Environment j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s c i t o t e n v winter. Correlation and back trajectory analysis suggested that biomass burning and secondary formation were also important HULIS sources and the contribution of HULIS from dust could be neglected. Adverse meteorological conditions were also important factors for the accumulation of HULIS in winter.

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“…Replicate analyses were performed per 10 samples. The determined repeatability was better than 5% (Cheng et al, 2009;Tan et al, 2014).…”

Section: Oc/ecmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…2 and 3, respectively. The conversion factor of 1.6 was assumed to calculate OM from OC (Cheng et al, 2009). The concentrations of PM 2.5 were reconstructed from the ).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China

Tan

Xiang

Zhou

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Results show that for EC emissions there is no significant change in filter loading when comparing the denuded filters with the undenuded filters, confirming that activated carbon denuders only adsorb organic volatile and semivolatile species but not elemental carbon. On a mass basis, the loss of particles in a denuder is small, since most of the lost particles have very small diameters (less than 30 nm), and the mass contribution of such particles is negligible compared with particles with greater diameters (Kittelson et al 2006;Cheng et al 2009). …”

Section: Pm Mass Ec and Oc Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of Diesel Particulate Material Emissions and Composition to Blends of Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel

Magara-Gomez

Olson

Okuda

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A number of investigations have examined the impact of the use of biodiesel on the emissions of carbon dioxide and regulated emissions, but limited information exists on the chemical composition of particulate matter from diesel engines burning biodiesel blends. This study examines the composition of diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions from a commercial agriculture tractor burning a range of biodiesel blends operating under a load that is controlled by a power take off (PTO) dynamometer. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel was blended with soybean and beef tallow based biodiesel to examine fuels containing 0% (B0), 25% (B25), 50% (B50), 75% (B75), and 100% (B100) biodiesel. Samples were then collected using a dilution source sampler to simulate atmospheric dilution. Diluted and aged exhaust was analyzed for particle mass and size distribution, PM 2.5 particle mass, PM 2.5 organic and elemental carbon, and speciated organic compounds. PM 2.5 mass emissions rates for the B25, B50, and B75 soybean oil biodiesel mixtures had 20%-30% lower emissions than the petroleum diesel, but B100 emissions were about 40% higher than the petroleum diesel. The trends in mass emission rates with the increasing biodiesel content can be explained by a significant decrease in elemental carbon (EC) emissions across all blending ranges and increasing organic carbon (OC) emissions with pure biodiesel. Beef tallow biodiesel blends showed similar trends. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the study measurements are based on low dilution rates and the OC emissions changes may be affected by ambient temperature and different dilution conditions spanning microenvironments and atmospheric conditions. The results show that the use of biodiesel fuel for economic or climate change mitigation

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“…But it is important to note that the same method has been applied to this study at the same lab. It should be also mentioned that OC results are not corrected with the backup quartz filter in this study, since the OC captured on it include both positive and negative artifacts and it is not possible to distinguish between them (Yang et al, 2005;Cheng et al, 2009). In order to have a better idea for the data comparability between this method and other two widely used thermal-optical methods (i.e., IMPROVE and NIOSH), a reference material -RM 8785 -produced by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (https://www-s.nist.gov/ srmors/view detail.cfm?srm=8785) was measured in the lab during 2006-2009 when the ambient samples were analyzed.…”

Section: Sample Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a Sunset instrument was used, no laser beam is applied in this method, instead long residence times at each temperature stage are optimized to ensure good baseline separation for individual carbon fractions. This is a modified NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) protocol (Chow et al, 2001). Three temperature stages used for separating OC, pyrolized organic carbon (POC) + carbonate carbon (CC) and EC, are 550 • C, 870 • C and 900 • C, respectively.…”

Section: Sample Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonaceous species in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008

et al. 2011

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Abstract. One-week integrated PM 2.5 samples were collected over four years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008) at a pair of sites, one rural and one urban site, in the area of Beijing, China. Weekly organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) concentrations from these samples were measured to investigate their atmospheric concentrations, temporal variation patterns and the factors influencing these aspects. A slightly systematic decrease in annual mean concentration of OC and an opposite trend for EC at both sites was observed. Since OC accounted for about 70 % of total carbon (TC, i.e. OC + EC) the total carbonaceous mass experienced a slight decline on a yearly basis over the study period. Its fraction of PM 2.5 mass at the urban site in 2008 was significantly lower than observed 10 years earlier (1999), indicating that the relative importance of carbonaceous species in PM 2.5 has decreased. In urban Beijing clear seasonal variations (by factors of 1.35 ∼ 3.0) were shown in both OC and EC with higher weekly concentrations and fluctuations in winter and much lower values in summer and spring. The minimum seasonal urban excesses of OC (3.0 µg m −3 ) and EC (1.3 µg m −3 ) occurred in the summer of 2008, which were only one-ninth and one-seventh of their corresponding maximum values, respectively. This reduction in the urban-difference, coupled with more positive stable carbon isotope values of EC at the urban site in that summer relative to the preceding summers, supports that the special clean air campaign for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games very likely had noticeable impact on the ambient concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols in the Beijing area, particularly on the local urban scale. Less consistent seasonal patterns in OC and EC, their scattered correlation, andCorrespondence to: K. He (hekb@tsinghua.edu.cn) higher mass ratios of OC to EC (OC/EC) at the rural site indicate more complex and variable major sources regarding aerosol formation in the rural area. These emission sources include biomass burning during the harvest seasons, widely used high-polluting family stoves and small boilers for cooking and heating with high OC/EC ratios, and a greater relative quantity of secondary organic aerosols.

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Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: A review

Cited by 44 publications

References 77 publications

Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China

Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China

Sensitivity of Diesel Particulate Material Emissions and Composition to Blends of Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel

Carbonaceous species in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008

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Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: A review

Cited by 44 publications

References 77 publications

Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China

Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China

Sensitivity of Diesel Particulate Material Emissions and Composition to Blends of Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel

Carbonaceous species in PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008

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Carbonaceous species in PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008