“…Before etching, our fibres had a cladding thickness of d In a typical optical fibre, the fibre mode effective index n eff lies between the cladding refractive index n cl and the core refractive index n co . In the case of our D-fibre with a surrounding refractive index, n s , n eff is changed, and for n s ≥ n eff , the mode becomes leaky 28,29,30,31,32 . For the case where n s > n eff , the propagation constant for the structure's leaky TE 0 mode is complex, with real and imaginary parts, β r and β j , respectively.…”