Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Mulla, D. J.; Low, Philip F.; Roth, Charles B.

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1985.0330503

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, this model for explaining the effect of Fe(II) on Na-exchanged smectite swelling is inadequate. The second model is consistent with experimental evidence, and is based on observations (Odom and Low, 1978;Viani et al, 1983;Mulla et al, 1985;Low, 1987) that the swelling of a given Na-saturated smectite depends primarily on specific surface area and the number of interlayers that expand fully. Previous studies (Stuck] et al, 1984a;Lear and Stuck], 1989;Wu et al, 1988) attributed the effect of Fe oxidation state on swelling to its influence on the number of partially or fully collapsed interlayers.…”

Section: R E D U C E D Smectitessupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Organic Cations on Dioctahedral Smectite Hydration

Stucki

Gan

et al. 2000

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Reduction of structural Fe in Na-exchanged dioctahedral smectites decreases swellability in water, but because clay interlayers also collapse in the process the concomitant effect on surface hydration energy is uncertain. This study examined the hydration behavior of oxidized and reduced dioctahedral smectite clays exchanged with polar (Na) and weakly-polar (organic) cations to determine the nature of the surface before and after Fe reduction, and to determine if clay surfaces are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The H20 content in various dioctahedral smectites decreased if Na was replaced by tetramethylammonium (TMA), trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA), or hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA). Among the organo-clays, H20 adsorption decreased with increasing complexity of the cation. For oxidized smectites, those exchanged with TMPA retained less H20 than those exchanged with Na at all pressures. The extent of this difference depended on the clay and decreased with increasing applied pressure. Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the octahedral sheets decreased the swelling of Na-saturated smectites, apparently causing some previously swelling interlayers to collapse. If the Na interlayer cation was exchanged to alkylammonium after reduction, but prior to swelling-pressure measurements, the swelling increased or remained near constant, suggesting that the organo-cation disrupted the collapse process of the interlayers associated with the reduced smectite layers. Reduced TMPA-saturated smectite surfaces are more strongly hydrated if the octahedral sheet is reduced than if oxidized. Thus, reduction of structural Fe increases the hydration energy of smectite basal surfaces, but swellability could decrease or increase depending on the extent of interlayer collapse occurring with different exchangeable cations.

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Section: R E D U C E D Smectitessupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Organic Cations on Dioctahedral Smectite Hydration

Stucki

Gan

et al. 2000

Clays and clay miner.

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“…Breaks in the relation between v2 and marrow were also observed at about the same mJmw by Mulla et al (1985). Such breaks provide evidence for a sudden structural reorganization of the water molecules in the …”

Section: Bending Frequency Of Interlayer Watermentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The angle of incidence of the infrared beam on the flat surface of the ZnSe hemicylinder was set at 45 ~ with a goniometer. The mirrors of the ATR accessory were adjusted to maximize the energy throughput (Mulla et al 1985).…”

Section: A T E R I a L S A N D M E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling Pressure of Montmorillonite Layers Versus H-O-H Bending Frequency of the Interlayer Water

Yan

1996

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The in-depth perturbation of vicinal water by the surfaces of montmorillonite layers was investigated by relating the swelling pressure, II, of the montmorillonite layers to the H-O-H bending frequency, v 2, of the interlayer water. For this purpose, an oriented montmorillonite gel was deposited on a porous filter in an environmental chamber. On its underside the filter was in contact with a solution maintained at atmospheric pressure. By admitting nitrogen gas at a known pressure to the environmental chamber, water was squeezed from the gel into the solution until equilibrium was reached and H equalled the applied pressure. Then the gel was divided into 2 parts. One part was used for the gravimetric determination of the water content, mJm C. It was possible, therefore, to determine mJm C as a function of II. The other part of the sample was transferred to an FTIR spectrometer where the v 2 of the water within it was measured by attenuated total reflectance. Thus, the same samples were used to determine the dependence of both 11 and v2 on mJm C. It was found that H and v2 were both exponential functions of mJm w and so a linear relation was found between ln(H + 1) and ln(v2/v2~ where v2 ~ is the H-O-H bending frequency of bulk water. These results strongly support the conclusion that the in-depth perturbation of the water by the surfaces of the montmorillonite layers is primarily responsible for both the development of H and the departure of vz from v2 ~

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“…GNP C750 prepared by thermal expansion of acid intercalated graphite compounds which result in 10–15 layers of graphene stacked into GNP particle with a thickness of ~5–10 nm and a diameter smaller than 1 μm with the surface area of about 750 m 2 g −1 and will be referred to as “G.” Surface‐modified montmorillonite tallow (OMMT) nanoclay with trade name MDH 682640 contains 25–30 wt % methyl dihydroxy ethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium. The clay nameplates are 200–300 nm in lateral dimension and 1 nm in thickness with the surface area of about 710 m 2 g −1 and will be referred to as “C.”…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GNP C750 prepared by thermal expansion of acid intercalated graphite compounds which result in 10-15 layers of graphene stacked into GNP particle with a thickness of~5-10 nm and a diameter smaller than 1 μm with the surface area of about 750 m 2 g −1 and will be referred to as "G." Surface-modified montmorillonite tallow (OMMT) nanoclay with trade name MDH 682640 contains 25-30 wt % methyl dihydroxy ethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium. The clay nameplates are 200-300 nm in lateral dimension and 1 nm in thickness with the surface area of about 710 m 2 g −1 and will be referred to as "C." 32 Other additives were cyclohexyl benzothiazole-2-sulfonamides (CBS) and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) as accelerators, sulfur (S) as a curing agent, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer, and a combination of zinc oxide (ZnO) and stearic acid (SA) as an activator for curing of rubber base. The completed information about the materials used in this study and their company supplement are listed in Table I, expressed as parts per hundred parts of the matrix.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of two types of nanoparticles on the cure, rheological, and mechanical properties of rubber nanocomposites based on the NBR/PVC blends

Barghamadi

Karrabi

Ghoreishy

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effects of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and organoclay montmorillonite (OMMT) on the curing, relaxation, and the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) nanocomposites were investigated. Scorch and cure times of nanocomposites reinforced with GNP increased, while these parameters for nanocomposites reinforced with OMMT decreased. Maximum torque and cure rate increased after adding the nanoparticles. In the relaxation curves, with increasing nanoparticle and acrylonitrile (ACN) content, both the slopes of short‐ and long‐term regions, raised. Cured compounds have the significantly higher initial and final modulus, the greater elastic slope, and lower viscous slope than the uncured ones. The results of the relaxation test showed that the relaxation percentage in the uncured samples was much higher than the cured ones. Also, with the addition of both GNP and OMMT, this parameter had an upward trend. DGS/DGL parameter increased with the addition of nano‐reinforcements in the uncured state while decreasing in the cured state. For example, the blend containing N3 reinforced via GNP showed an 11% increase in the uncured state, whereas 14% reduction in the cured state. Tensile strength, elastic modulus, and hardness were improved by incorporating nanoparticles, while the effect of GNP was more intense. The similar trend observed in samples with NBR type of higher ACN content. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47550.

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Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Organic Cations on Dioctahedral Smectite Hydration

Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Organic Cations on Dioctahedral Smectite Hydration

Swelling Pressure of Montmorillonite Layers Versus H-O-H Bending Frequency of the Interlayer Water

Effects of two types of nanoparticles on the cure, rheological, and mechanical properties of rubber nanocomposites based on the NBR/PVC blends

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