“…4,5,7,8 Some methods that have been employed, albeit not all, are in situ. The techniques include the use of interference of reflected light, 19 x-ray diffraction, 20 coherent Raman line shift spectroscopy, 21 thermionic emission, 22 time of flight, 23 ellipsometry, 24 and electron diffraction if crystalline phases are present, 25 and pyrometry. 26 Notwithstanding these techniques, we recently published a noncontact in situ approach that tracks the change in local temperature near a fusing/sintering zone.…”