Measurement of Thermal Effects of Doppler Ultrasound: An In Vitro Study

Helmy, S.; Bader, Yvonne; Koch, Marianne; Tiringer, Denise; Kollmann, Christian

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135717

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The long-term PUS biophysical effects 6,7 on the embryo/fetus featuring the acoustic output of new ultrasonic devices, 15,16,85 its overuse in clinical practice 10,77 and the commercial fetal video souvenirs 91-94 remain unknown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Excessive Prenatal Ultrasonography a Risk Factor for Autism? A Literature Review

Moammar¹,

Sulayman²

2019

Preprint

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The historic mutual rise of prenatal ultrasonography and autism spectrum disorder and their similarities and controversies in the literature are discussed in this review. Scientific AbstractFor the past several decades, abdominal prenatal ultrasonography has been the most significant technology in obstetrics a s a long-established practice. However, the frequency, exposure time, thermal and cavitation exposure indices, and increased acoustic output of the ultrasonic waves may be harmful to the embryo/fetus and might increase susceptibility to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The increase in the prevalence of ASD is associated with an affluent ethnicity, high socioeconomic status, and high parental education where prenatal ultrasonography is readily available and affordable. Enhanced biophysical adverse effects may link the analogous increase in prenatal ultrasonography and autism, and prenatal ultrasonography may emerge as a risk factor for autism. Radiography usage provides historical evidence for this fact: the predominant past opinion was that exposure to X-rays during pregnancy caused no significant risk to a fetus. However, the association between X-ray exposure and childhood leukemia was only established 40 years after X-ray use began. This review focuses on excessive PUS usage and ASD development. Public AbstractAdvancements in medical technology over the past several decades have made prenatal ultrasound more frequently accessible to expecting mothers during their pregnancy, especially for the affluent. A parallel development is the increase in autism diagnoses (Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD) in children of affluent families. There is a general lack of studies of the impact of prenatal ultrasound on fetuses, especially around varying attributes such as frequency, duration of exposure, and thermal and cavitation indices. There is also a historical precedent set, where Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 4

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This advancement was followed, in the 1990s, by real-time processable threedimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) arrays, which is 3-D visualization with motion. 15,16…”

Section: History Of Pusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Excessive Prenatal Ultrasonography a Risk Factor for Autism? A Literature Review

Moammar¹,

Sulayman²

2019

Preprint

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“…This is why exposure time and ALARA are important in the first trimester, because an ultrasound operator may have a difficult time estimating where the highest temperature changes could be along the sound beam. 25 STIC is considered a form of 4D imaging, and it has been recommended to keep the TI less than 1.0. In addition, the scan time during real-time volume acquisition should be kept under 30 minutes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic Evaluation of Fetal Cardiac Anatomy in the Late First Trimester

2019

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

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Objective: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of infant death in the United States. Severe, complex cardiac anomalies make up approximately half of the cases and carry significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this literature review was to define a CHD screening protocol to be used in the first trimester. Methods: Literature was pulled that discussed the impact of color Doppler and spatiotemportal image correlation on image quality, explored the benefits and limitations of early screening, and analyzed the risk of bioeffects to the developing fetus. Results: A simplified cardiac screening protocol has been shown to be a feasible addition to the first trimester nuchal translucency scan. Conclusion: Color Doppler and three-dimensional sonography can be utilized during the first trimester to evaluate the fetal heart for major anomalies between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days. Recommendations for future research and guidance from accrediting bodies are provided.

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“…Beim Farbdoppler sind die Werte etwas höher (0,62, 0,53 und 0,52), am höchsten sind sie beim gepulsten Doppler (1,65 im ersten Trimenon, 1,67 im zweiten Trimenon und 1,89 im dritten Trimenon), jedoch wurden hier Spitzenwerte von bis zu 3,0 erreicht. Die Amerikanische und Britische Ultraschallgesellschaft sowie die EFSUMB haben Empfehlungen herausgegeben, nach denen der TI am besten unter 0,7 liegen sollte [5][6][7][8][9]. Theoretisch könnte man dann zeitlich unbegrenzt Ultraschall durchführen, was natürlich in der Praxis nicht stattfindet (ALARA-Prinzip).…”

Section: Sicherheitsaspekte Des Ultraschalls In Der Pränataldiagnostikunclassified

“…They are highest in pulsed Doppler (1.65 in the first trimester, 1.67 in the second trimester, and 1.89 in the third trimester), with peak values of up to 3.0 being achieved. According to the recommendations published by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the British Medical Ultrasound Society and the EFSUMB, the TI should ideally be less than 0.7 [5][6][7][8][9]. Theoretically, ultrasound could then be performed without time limits, which of course would not actually happen in practice (ALARA principle).…”

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confidence: 99%

Safety aspects of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis

Kozlowski¹

2020

Ultraschall in Med

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Ultrasound was used for the first time in pregnancy in the 1960 s and then found broader clinical application in the 70 s and particularly in the 80 s, thereby revolutionizing obstetrics and ultimately resulting in the development of a new subspecialty: prenatal diagnosis and perinatal medicine. This means that ultrasound has been used for more than 40 years in pregnancy to examine fetuses. This development was facilitated on the one hand by the ease of use of the method and the resulting broad availability and on the other hand by the fact that ultrasound is an imaging method that does not require the use of physical radiation. This resulted in early differentiation from diagnostic radiology (classic abdominal X-ray, pelvic X-ray, amniofetography) and later also from computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to supplement ultrasound for targeted issues but is still very cost-intensive and has numerous limitations. Despite this success story, concerns regarding the safety of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis have arisen again in 2020. Why? What happened? Ultrasound-mechanical vibrations in a medium (mechanical waves)was designated as non-ionizing radiation in recent years. The term radiation induces anxiety in many pregnant women. Biological effects of mechanical waves (non-ionizing radiationultrasound) are dependent on threshold values, while biological effects of electromagnetic waves (X-ray radiation, gamma radiation) are always present regardless of threshold values. A regulation regarding the use of non-ionizing radiation for non-medical purposes was also recently enacted in Germany. Although it primarily does not apply to prenatal diagnosis, § 10 states: "Use of ultrasound in a pregnant person. Fetal exposure must be avoided when using ultrasound for non-medical purposes" [1]. This wording has caused renewed uncertainty among both pregnant women and physicians. A huge response was seen on

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Measurement of Thermal Effects of Doppler Ultrasound: An In Vitro Study

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Is Excessive Prenatal Ultrasonography a Risk Factor for Autism? A Literature Review

Is Excessive Prenatal Ultrasonography a Risk Factor for Autism? A Literature Review

Sonographic Evaluation of Fetal Cardiac Anatomy in the Late First Trimester

Safety aspects of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis

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