Measurement of True Indispensable Amino Acid Digestibility by the Dual Isotope Tracer Technique: A Methodological Review

Kashyap, Sindhu; Reddy, Bellam H. Rajashekar; Preston, Thomas C.; Devi, Sarita; Kurpad, Anura V

doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.017

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…When no suitable exogenous plasma amino acid bioavailability reference data are available (for nearly all non-dairy proteins), the digestibility approach could be applied. Digestibility of many dietary protein source are available ( 25 , 27 ). However, digestibility scores typically represent the maximal value that would be obtained if the ingested protein is given sufficient time to be absorbed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While true ileal protein digestibility has long been challenging to assess in humans due to the requirement of invasive techniques, there are data from animal (especially pig) models that seem to correspond well with data derived from human in vivo models ( 25 ). Moreover, the development of the minimally invasive dual tracer digestibility techniques has allowed more human data to be collected in recent years ( 26 , 27 ). As digestibility represents the exogenous protein-derived amino acids that may be absorbed in the gut, an additional correction for first-pass splanchnic extraction needs to be applied to estimate subsequent exogenous plasma amino acid bioavailability.…”

Section: Plasma Amino Acid Kinetics Models To Assess Postprandial Who...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intrinsic labeling of dietary protein can be achieved in multiple ways, such as feeding or infusing amino acid tracers to, for example, insects ( 31 ), chickens ( 32 ), or cows ( 33 ). The intrinsic labeling of plant proteins is also possible and has been applied to assess protein digestibility ( 27 ), but not yet for exogenous plasma amino acid bioavailability. Exogenous plasma bioavailability is calculated as follows:…”

Section: Plasma Amino Acid Kinetics Models To Assess Postprandial Who...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review

Trommelen,

van Loon

2024

Front. Nutr.

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Stable isotopes are routinely applied to determine the impact of factors such as aging, disease, exercise, and feeding on whole-body protein metabolism. The most common approaches to quantify whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown, and oxidation rates and net protein balance are based on the quantification of plasma amino acid kinetics. In the postabsorptive state, plasma amino acid kinetics can easily be assessed using a constant infusion of one or more stable isotope labeled amino acid tracers. In the postprandial state, there is an exogenous, dietary protein-derived amino acid flux that needs to be accounted for. To accurately quantify both endogenous as well as exogenous (protein-derived) amino acid release in the circulation, the continuous tracer infusion method should be accompanied by the ingestion of intrinsically labeled protein. However, the production of labeled protein is too expensive and labor intensive for use in more routine research studies. Alternative approaches have either assumed that 100% of exogenous amino acids are released in the circulation or applied an estimated percentage based on protein digestibility. However, such estimations can introduce large artifacts in the assessment of whole-body protein metabolism. The preferred estimation approach is based on the extrapolation of intrinsically labeled protein-derived plasma bioavailability data obtained in a similar experimental design setting. Here, we provide reference data on exogenous plasma amino acid release that can be applied to allow a more accurate routine assessment of postprandial protein metabolism. More work in this area is needed to provide a more extensive reference data set.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plasma Amino Acid Kinetics Models To Assess Postprandial Who...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plasma Amino Acid Kinetics Models To Assess Postprandial Who...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review

Trommelen,

van Loon

2024

Front. Nutr.

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“…The methods have already been applied in multiple studies to give rise to valuable data on ileal amino acid digestibility and dietary DIAAS values. The recent review by Kashyap et al ( 38 ) gives human true ileal amino acid digestibility data obtained using the dual-isotope method for some 20 foods, including a number of foods commonly consumed in low-income countries.…”

Section: Development Of Methods To Determine Amino Acid Digestibility...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS): 10 years on

Moughan,

Lim

2024

Front. Nutr.

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The objective of the review is to revisit the findings of the 2011 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Consultation on Dietary Protein Quality Evaluation in Human Nutrition, and to report on progress on uptake of the findings. It is evident that since 2011 there has been a concerted research effort to enhance an understanding of the protein quality of foods. The validity of the growing pig ileal protein digestibility assay has been confirmed and numerous studies reported using the growing pig as a model to give true ileal amino acid digestibility values for foods as consumed by humans. This has allowed for the determination of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for a range of foods. A new non-invasive true ileal amino acid digestibility assay in humans which can be applied in different physiological states, called the dual-isotope assay, has been developed and applied to determine the DIAAS values of foods. It is concluded that DIAAS is currently the most accurate score for routinely assessing the protein quality rating of single source proteins. In the future, the accuracy of DIAAS can be enhanced by improved information on: the ideal dietary amino acid balance including the ideal dispensable to indispensable amino acid ratio; dietary indispensable amino acid requirements; effects of processing on ileal amino acid digestibility and lysine bioavailability. There is a need to develop rapid, inexpensive in vitro digestibility assays. Conceptual issues relating DIAAS to food regulatory claims, and to holistic indices of food nutritional and health status are discussed. The first recommendation of the 2011 Consultation regarding treating each indispensable amino acid as an individual nutrient has received little attention. Consideration should be given to providing food label information on the digestible contents of specific indispensable amino acids.

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