Measurement of urea and creatinine in saliva of dogs: a pilot study

Tvarijonaviciute, Asta; Pardo-Marín, Luis; Tecles, Fernando; Carrillo, Juana D.; García-Martínez, J.D.; Bernal, Luis J.; Pastor, Josep; Cerón, José J.; Martı́nez-Subiela, Silvia

doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1546-5

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A moderate correlation between urea in saliva and plasma was observed. This correlation has also been reported in dogs with chronic kidney disease [39]. The higher concentration of total proteins observed in saliva in horses with acute abdominal disease could also indicate reduced hydration status, as it has previously been described in serum [40].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

et al. 2019

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Background The biochemical components of saliva can change in certain pathologies in horses, for example in acute abdominal disease. The aim of this study was (1) to evaluate if a panel of biochemical analytes usually used in serum can be measured in saliva of horses and (2) to study the possible changes of these biochemical analytes in saliva of horses affected by acute abdominal disease. A panel of 23 analytes was analytically validated in saliva of horses and possible changes in these analytes in a pilot study with six healthy horses and six horses with acute abdominal disease were evaluated. The analytes with significant changes were then evaluated in a larger population of 20 healthy and 37 diseased horses. Results Seven analytes showed significant increases in the pilot study which were confirmed in the larger population. The analytes which showed significant changes, and their median fold increase and significance shown in the larger population were salivary γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT, 2.3 fold, P = 0.001), creatine kinase (CK, 6.2 fold, P < 0.001), urea (2.3 fold, P = 0.001), total bilirubin (2.6 fold, P < 0.001), total proteins (3.2 fold, P < 0.001), phosphorus (P, 4.5 fold, P < 0.001) and alpha-amylase (sAA, 8.5 fold, P < 0.001). Total proteins, P and sAA showed sensitivities higher than 70% at their optimal cut-off points and a specificity of 100% in differentiating between healthy horses and those with acute abdominal disease. Conclusions A panel of 23 biochemical analytes can be measured in saliva of horses, where gGT, CK, urea, total bilirubin, total protein, P and sAA levels are raised in horses with acute abdominal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

et al. 2019

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“…The analysis of salivary biomarkers has gained increasing popularity in recent years particularly since the collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Salivary urea and creatinine concentrations (determined on a biochemistry analyzer) are significantly increased in dogs with CKD; and therefore, these parameters can be used as markers of renal failure . The salivary urea test strips that were validated in the present study require minimal laboratory equipment; and therefore, these test strips could be useful for home monitoring of animals by owners or for veterinarians without access to biochemistry analyzers due to technical or financial constraints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Because of the ease of use and cost‐effectiveness, salivary analysis has also become more popular in veterinary medicine. For example, recent publications demonstrated a significant correlation between salivary and serum concentrations of urea (and creatinine) in dogs with CKD. In the abovementioned studies, salivary urea concentrations were determined using a biochemistry analyzer; however, this methodology is expensive, and therefore, not widely available in general practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary evaluation of a salivary urea test strip method for use in dogs

Sanchini

Hare

Restif

et al. 2019

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background Salivary urea concentrations correlate with serum urea concentrations in dogs and humans. Salivary urea concentrations can now be determined semi‐quantitatively using a salivary urea test strip method that has been validated for use in humans. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the repeatability of the salivary urea test strip score, and the correlation between the salivary urea test strip scores and serum urea concentrations in dogs. Methods Intra‐run and inter‐run variabilities were determined (n = 10 in triplicate). Correlations between salivary urea test strip scores and serum urea concentrations in dogs were assessed using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Receiver operator curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the salivary urea test strip score to identify dogs with serum urea concentration >7.4 mmol/L (upper limit of laboratory RI). Results The intra‐run repeatability was good (28/30 concordant results) whereas the inter‐run repeatability was moderate (23/30 concordant results). Salivary and serum urea concentrations showed a moderately positive correlation (rs = .63, n = 33; P < .0001). A salivary urea test strip score ≥4 was 57% sensitive and 96% specific for detecting a serum urea concentration >7.4 mmol/L. Conclusions Uremia can be detected using salivary urea test strips in dogs. Based on our preliminary data, salivary urea test strip scores of 1 or 2 might exclude clinically relevant uremia in most cases; however, it is recommended that the salivary urea test be repeated in dogs with a test strip score of 3. Dogs with a salivary urea test strip score of ≥4 would likely require additional investigations.

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“…If there is a disruption in kidney function, then there is an increase in these two parameters. Certain medical conditions can cause an increase in these two parameters, for example, chronic uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, kidney stones, kidney inflammation, kidney infection, dehydration, and others [ 36 ], [ 37 ], [ 38 ], [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatoprotective Activity and Nephroprotective Activity of Peel Extract from Three Varieties of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora Sp.) in the Albino Rat

Nerdy¹,

Ritarwan²

2019

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: The Passion Fruit (Passiflora sp.) that grows in the Indonesian region generally has three varieties, namely purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.), red passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss.), and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora verrucifera Lindl.). The passion fruit peel is an economic waste that has not been utilised optimally, but has many efficacious phytochemical contents. AIM: The objectives of this research are to examine scientifically hepatoprotective activity (with paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic) and nephroprotective activity (with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic) from three varieties of the passion fruit (purple passion fruit peel extract, red passion fruit peel extract and yellow passion fruit peel extract) in the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). METHODS: Three varieties of passion fruit peels were extracted by maceration method. The experimental animals used were the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). Hepatoprotective activity was done by the liver biochemical (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) analysis with paracetamol (hepatotoxic compound) induced after 10 days of treatment with extract. Nephroprotective activity was done by the kidney biochemical (urea and creatinine) analysis with gentamicin (nephrotoxic compound) induced after 10 days of treatment with extract. RESULTS: The hepatoprotective activity for positive control was similar to the 250 mg of purple passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, 250 mg of red passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, and 500 mg of yellow passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight. The nephroprotective activity for positive control (50 mg of silymarin per kg of body weight) was similar to the 250 mg of purple passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, 500 mg of red passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, and 500 mg of yellow passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The extracts were shown hepatoprotective activity and nephroprotective activity with a dose-dependent activity. The hepatoprotective activity and nephroprotective activity of purple passion fruit peel extract were the best compared to red passion fruit peel extract and yellow passion fruit peel extract.

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Measurement of urea and creatinine in saliva of dogs: a pilot study

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

Preliminary evaluation of a salivary urea test strip method for use in dogs

Hepatoprotective Activity and Nephroprotective Activity of Peel Extract from Three Varieties of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora Sp.) in the Albino Rat

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