Measurements and Assessment of Sound Emitted by Toys Intended for Children under the Age of Three Years Old

Abstract

Toys emitting sounds are classified as significant sources of noise found in the children environment. Impulse and continuous noise emitted by toys, used in close to the child's ear, acting directly on the organ of hearing, can lead to serious adverse health effects. This is especially true for children under the age of three, in which the state of the hearing organ determines their intellectual development.The current level of safety of sound emitting toys intended for children in this age group is insufficient. This is confirmed by the reports from the control of market surveillance authorities.A new approach to the assessment of children's exposure to noise generated by toys, included in EN 71-1:2011 + A2:2013 Standard, based on the permissible values applicable to the workplaces, requires further tests and verification.The paper presents the results of the research work and assesses the level of sound emitted by toys in the light of current standard requirements, carried out using the author's methodology. Toys intended for children under the age of 3 years, commercialized on the European market by Polish manufacturers and importers were tested. The results of the tests allowed us to determine the impact of duration of the sound pressure level measurement on the final result.

Traffic-generated changes in the elemental profile of urban coarse dust at a highway and crossroads

“…Due to the above, concentrations of PM-related elements are often monitored at locations exposed to the direct impact of non-exhaust traffic emissions [6][7][8][9][10][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. So far in Poland, research into PM and PM characteristics in the vicinity of roads and crossroads have been studied mainly in the area of Upper Silesia [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”