Measurements and modeling of through-the-earth communications for coal mines

Yan, Lincan; Waynert, J. A.; Sunderman, Carl

doi:10.1109/ias.2012.6374083

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The signal propagation is not necessarily reciprocal during magnetic loop TTE communications, especially when the apparent earth conductivity is high [ Persinger , 1974; Yan et al , 2013]. For electrode-based TTE communication, however, Hill and Wait [1973] and Hill [1973] obtained the same forms of the underground electric field and surface electric field due to a surface cable and a buried cable, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

et al. 2017

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There are two types of through‐the‐earth (TTE) wireless communication in the mining industry: magnetic loop TTE and electrode‐based (or linear) TTE. While the magnetic loop systems send signal through magnetic fields, the transmitter of an electrode‐based TTE system sends signal directly through the mine overburden by driving an extremely low frequency (ELF) or ultralow frequency (ULF) AC current into the earth. The receiver at the other end (underground or surface) detects the resultant current and receives it as a voltage. A wireless communication link between surface and underground is then established. For electrode‐based TTE communications, the signal is transmitted through the established electric field and is received as a voltage detected at the receiver. It is important to understand the electric field distribution within the mine overburden for the purpose of designing and improving the performance of the electrode‐based TTE systems. In this paper, a complete explicit solution for all three electric field components for the electrode‐based TTE communication was developed. An experiment was conducted using a prototype electrode‐based TTE system developed by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The mathematical model was then compared and validated with test data. A reasonable agreement was found between them.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

et al. 2017

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“…However, MI requires huge antenna to effectively transmit and receive MI signals. The existing through-the-earth (TTE) communications [12]- [14] systems (based on MI) require coil antennas with a diameter of several meters. If the antenna size has to be reduced to centimeter level for portable device, the transmission distance would be extremely short [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Design and Implementation of Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communication

2017

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The wireless communications in complex environments, such as underground and underwater, can enable various applications in the environmental, industrial, homeland security, law enforcement, and military fields. However, conventional electromagnetic (EM) wave-based techniques do not work due to the lossy media and complicated structures. Magnetic Induction (MI) has been proved to achieve reliable communication in such environments. However, due to the small antenna size, the communication range of MI is still very limited, especially for the portable mobile devices. To this end, Metamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction (M 2 I) communication has been proposed, where the theoretical results predict that it can significantly increase the data rate and range. Nevertheless, there exists a significant gap between the theoretical prediction and the practical realization of M 2 I: the theoretical model relies on an ideal spherical metamaterial while it does not exist in nature. In this paper, a practical design is proposed by leveraging a spherical coil array to realize M 2 I communication. The full-wave simulation is conducted to validate the design objectives. By using the spherical coil array-based M 2 I communication, the communication range can be significantly extended, exactly as we predicted in the ideal M 2 I model. Finally, the proposed M 2 I communication is implemented and tested in various environments.

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“…Besides, a magnetic dipole approximation for a small transmitting loop is convenient for observation points located at a few loop radii. In Ayuso et al (), Durkin (), Large et al (), Yan et al (), and Wang et al (), such model predictions are compared with real data with good agreement. As expected, a more complex model as Finite Element Method (FEM) used in Ayuso et al (), fairly improve the predictions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Nowadays, there is a growing interest in using magnetic induction systems for geophysics (see Abdu et al, 2007;Becker et al, 1992;Corwin & Lesch, 2003;Durkin, 1991;Heil & Schmidhalter, 2017), location (see eg. Ayuso et al, 2010;Davis et al, 2008;Markham et al, 2012;Sogade et al, 2004), emergency communications in confined environments such as mines or caves (see Bandyiopadhyay et al, 2010;Yan et al, 2013a), and wireless underground and undersea communication networks (see, e.g., Akyildiz et al, 2015;Akyildiz & Stuntebeck, 2006a;Domingo, 2014;Sun & Akyildiz, 2010;Tan et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

et al. 2019

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There are many underground applications based on magnetic fields generated by an oscillating magnetic source. For them, a magnetic dipole in a three‐layered region with upper semi‐infinite air layer can be a convenient idealization used for their planning, development, and operation. Solutions are in the form of the well‐known Sommerfeld integral expressions that can be evaluated by numerical methods. A set of field expressions to be numerically evaluated by an efficient algorithm are not collected comprehensively yet, or at least in a directly usable form. In this paper, the explicit magnetic field solutions for the vertical magnetic dipole and the horizontal magnetic dipole for a general source‐observer location are derived from the Hertz vector. They can be properly combined to model the problem of a tilted magnetic dipole source for horizontally or inclined stratified media. As a result, a complete set of integral equations of the Sommerfeld type valid from the near zone to the far zone are formulated. A method for numerical evaluation of the field expressions for high accurate computations is described. The numerical results are validated using the finite element method for all the possible source‐receiver configurations and three well‐spanned frequencies of typical subsurface applications. Both numerical solutions agree according to the normalized root‐mean‐square error‐based fit metric. Numerical results for two cases of study are presented to see its usefulness for subsurface applications. A MATLAB implementation of the mathematical description outlined in this paper and the proposed evaluation method is freely available for download.

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Measurements and modeling of through-the-earth communications for coal mines

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

Practical Design and Implementation of Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communication

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

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