Measurements of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion

Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion in hypertensive patients: can we replace 24-hour urine collection with spot urine measurements?

“…This varying bias of the Kawasaki formula over the range of urinary sodium excretion was suggested as one possible explanation of the observed discrepancies between studies based on 24 -hour urine collection, showing a linear association between higher sodium excretion and cardiovascular events, and studies using spot urine specimens, which consistently demonstrated J -shaped or U -shaped relationships with cardiovascular disease and mortality. 61 Thus, we showed that for the 2 purposes identified in this review as the main rationale for measuring 24hUNa and 24hUK excretion in patients with hypertension (ie, identification of increased urinary potassium excretion in patients with primary aldosteronism and identification of high dietary sodium intake in patients with resistant hypertension), the combined PAHO/CKD -EPI formula both for sodium and potassium might still prove the best approach for spot urine-based estimates, perhaps even superior to the Kawasaki equations for sodium and potassium that were previously used in large international population studies with hard cardiovascular endpoints.…”

The role of healthy nutrition and diet in the prevention of non-communicable diseases among the aged

“…Sodium chloride (salt) is the major sources of sodium in the eating regimen. 31 Sodium is additionally present in diet as sodium bicarbonate and food additives, including monosodium glutamate, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate and sodium benzoate. 1 Although, sodium is an essential nutrient needed in the body, but much intake of sodium has a deleterious consequences on health.…”

One-step rapid colorimetric detection of K+ using silver nanoparticles modified by crown ether

“…[1][2][3] Meanwhile, K + is involved in many disease pathologies. [4][5][6] It is an integral part of biological processes, such as neurotransmission, cardiovascular disease, bone health, bone marrow transplantation, muscle contraction, and kidney health. [7][8][9][10] For healthy adults, sufficient K + intake daily is needed to reduce the risk of stroke, kidney stones, and coronary heart disease and to relieve inflammation.…”