Measurements of 50 Non-polar Organic Compounds Including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, n-Alkanes and Phthalate Esters in Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in an Industrial Area of Chiba Prefecture, Japan

Abstract

Quantitative data of 50 non-polar organic compounds constituting PM2.5 were continuously collected and analyzed from June 2016 to October 2017 (approximately 17 months) at Ichihara, one of the largest industrial areas in Japan. Target non-polar organic compounds including 21 species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 24 species of n-alkanes and 5 species of phthalate esters (PAEs) were simultaneously measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Basically, the average concentrations of the total PAHs, n-alkanes and PAEs in each season remained nearly level, and seasonal variations were little throughout the study period. These results suggest that the emission sources, which are not influenced by the seasons, are the dominant inputs for the target organic compounds. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs, assessment of n-alkane homologue distributions, carbon preference index, and the contribution of wax n-alkanes from plants were used to estimate source apportionments. These results indicate that anthropogenic sources were the main contributor for most PAHs and n-alkanes throughout the study period. The concentrations of PAEs selected in this study were low because emission amounts of these chemicals were little within the source areas of the sampling site. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to simultaneously measure a high number of non-polar organic compounds in PM2.5 collected from the ambient air of Japan, and the resultant data will provide valuable data and information for environmental researchers.

Evaluation of the genotoxicity of PM2.5 collected by a high-volume air sampler with impactor

“…The atmospheric concentration of DBalP ranged from 0.014 to 0.078 ng/m 3 , and this concentration was about one-tenth that of BaP. DBalP concentrations in present study were one-tenth of lower than that in China (Wei [17]) by three days sampling, and were similar to those in Chiba prefecture [14] by one week sampling. The measurement of low concentration PAHs by HV method could be shortened sampling time to 24 h from a few days successfully.…”

Antibacterial Effects of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Ferula asafoetida against Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from the Hospital Environment and Assessment of Their Cytotoxicity on the Human Cell Lines

“…Besides, decane is a profoundly combustible natural compound from the alkene group. This compound is nonpolar and insoluble in water, similar to other alkanes [21].…”

Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

“…The results for these cities indicate average concentrations ranging from 1.36 to 1056 ng/m 3 [ 18 , 73 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ], and the seasonal and regional differences are consistent with the results reported by Yan et al [ 126 ]. In other Asian cities, relatively low concentrations levels of PAHs have been observed in Japan [ 137 , 138 , 139 ], South Korea [ 140 , 141 ], Vietnam [ 142 ], Singapore [ 143 ], Malaysia [ 144 ], Thailand [ 145 ], Qatar [ 146 ], and Lebanon [ 147 ], ranging from 0.56 ng/m 3 (Doha, Qatar) to 29.5 ng/m 3 (Gwangju, South Korea). Relatively high PAH concentration levels have been observed in Mongolia [ 148 ], Pakistan [ 149 ], India [ 150 , 151 , 152 ], and Iran [ 153 , 154 ] ranging from 0.66 ng/m 3 (Bushehr, Iran) to 773 ng/m 3 (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), which countries are the most polluted areas in the world.…”