Measurements of air‐sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations

Ho, David T.; Law, Cliff S.; Smith, M. J.; Schlosser, Peter; Harvey, Mike; Hill, Peter

doi:10.1029/2006gl026817

Cited by 449 publications

(673 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Thus bulk parameterizations of air-sea gas exchange flux have been developed to allow researchers to calculate the net result of air-sea gas exchange for a given gas in a given condition (Liss and Merlivat, 1986;Wanninkhof, 1992;Wanninkhof and McGillis, 1999;Nightingale et al, 2000). Recent studies suggest that these earlier estimates may be too large by approximately 20% to 30% (Ho et al, 2006;Sweeney et al, 2007). These air-sea flux relationships are important for global climate change models as well as for flux calculations.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, two parameterizations (Ho et al, 2006;Sweeney et al, 2007) predict air-sea fluxes that are 25% to 33% lower than Wanninkhof (1992) proposed. Existing parameterizations are based on either large spatial and temporal scales (such as the global radiocarbon budget) or on local spatial and short time scales (such as with tracer release experiments and edddy-correlation measurements).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A determination of air-sea gas exchange and upper ocean biological production from five noble gases and tritiugenic helium-3

Stanley¹

2007

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The five noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) are biologically and chemically inert, making them ideal oceanographic tracers. Additionally, the noble gases have a wide range of solubilities and molecular diffusivities, and thus respond differently to physical forcing. Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen, is useful in tandem with its daughter helium-3 as a tracer for water mass ages. In this thesis, a fourteen month time-series of the five noble gases, helium-3 and tritium was measured at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. The time-series of five noble gases was used to develop a parameterization of air-sea gas exchange for oligotrophic waters and wind speeds between 0 and 13 m s −1 that explicitly includes bubble processes and that constrains diffusive gas exchange to ± 6% and complete and partial air injection processes to ± 15%. Additionally, the parameterization is based on weeks to seasonal time scales, matching the time scales of many relevant biogeochemical cycles. The time-series of helium isotopes, tritium, argon, and oxygen was used to constrain upper ocean biological production. Specifically, the helium flux gauge technique was used to estimate new production, apparent oxygen utilization rates were used to quantify export production, and euphotic zone seasonal cycles of oxygen and argon were used to determine net community production. The concurrent use of these three methods allows examination of the relationship between the types of production and begins to address a number of apparent inconsistencies in the elemental budgets of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A determination of air-sea gas exchange and upper ocean biological production from five noble gases and tritiugenic helium-3

Stanley¹

2007

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“…[28] One of the largest difficulties was obtaining DMS measurements in the water and air at wind speeds typical of the oceans commonly associated with large blooms (mid-to-high latitudes). For reasons related to platform and scientist safety, measurements in high wind speeds remained difficult to obtain, but over many years of research, various techniques including improvements to the wind speed-based parameterisations have been made, [29][30][31] as the complexities of the role of the surface microlayer, skin temperature and of breaking waves became evident. Ayers et al in 1995 [32] used high time-resolved measurements of atmospheric DMS at Cape Grim, the current wind speed parameterisations and a simple model of atmospheric DMS chemistry to infer a DMS flux.…”

Section: The Devil Is In the Detailmentioning

confidence: 99%

The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments

2007

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Environmental context. Understanding the role of clouds in the warming and the cooling of the planet and how that role alters in a warming world is one of the biggest uncertainties climate change researchers face. Important in this regard is the influence on cloud properties of cloud condensation nuclei, the tiny atmospheric particles necessary for the nucleation of every single cloud droplet. The anthropogenic contribution to cloud condensation nuclei is known to be large in some regions through knowledge of pollutant emissions; however, the natural processes that regulate cloud condensation nuclei over large parts of the globe are less well understood. The CLAW hypothesis provides a mechanism by which plankton may modify climate through the atmospheric sulfur cycle via the provision of sulfate cloud condensation nuclei. The CLAW hypothesis was published over 20 years ago and has stimulated a great deal of research.Abstract. The CLAW hypothesis has for 20 years provided the intriguing prospect of oceanic and atmospheric systems exhibiting in an intimately coupled way a capacity to react to changing climate in a manner that opposes the change. A great number of quality scientific papers has resulted, many confirming details of specific links between oceanic phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission to the atmosphere, the importance of DMS oxidation products in regulation of marine atmospheric cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) populations, and a concomitant influence on marine stratocumulus cloud properties. However, despite various links in the proposed phytoplankton-DMS-CCN-cloud albedo climate feedback loop being affirmed, there has been no overall scientific synthesis capable of adequately testing the hypothesis at a global scale. Moreover, significant gaps and contradictions remain, such as a lack of quantitative understanding of new particle formation processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, and of the extent to which dynamical, rather than microphysical, cloud feedbacks exist. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in understanding 'Earth System Science' involving the integration of ocean and atmospheric systems inherent in the CLAW hypothesis. We present here a short review of this progress since the publication of the CLAW hypothesis.

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“…Clayson et al [51], on the other hand, replaced the gustiness term by a capillary wave parameterization. The FuGas achieved this through the iterative estimation of [86], Were tested the physically-based parameterizations by Zhao et al [43], Woolf [44] and Zhao and Xie [47] conjugated with the iWLP algorithm specific of the FuGas.…”

Section: Transfer Velocity Estimates From Field Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

et al. 2018

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Accurate estimates of the atmosphere-ocean fluxes of greenhouse gases and dimethyl sulphide (DMS) have great importance in climate change models. A significant part of these fluxes occur at the coastal ocean which, although much smaller than the open ocean, have more heterogeneous conditions. Hence, Earth System Modelling (ESM) requires representing the oceans at finer resolutions which, in turn, requires better descriptions of the chemical, physical and biological processes. The standard formulations for the solubilities and gas transfer velocities across air-water surfaces are 36 and 24 years old, and new alternatives have emerged. We have developed a framework combining the related geophysical processes and choosing from alternative formulations with different degrees of complexity. The framework was tested with fine resolution data from the European coastal ocean. Although the benchmark and alternative solubility formulations generally agreed well, their minor divergences yielded differences of up to 5.8% for CH 4 dissolved at the ocean surface. The transfer velocities differ strongly (often more than 100%), a consequence of the benchmark empirical wind-based formulation disregarding significant factors that were included in the alternatives. We conclude that ESM requires more comprehensive simulations of atmosphere-ocean interactions, and that further calibration and validation is needed for the formulations to be able to reproduce it. We propose this framework as a basis to update with formulations for processes specific to the air-water boundary, such as the presence of surfactants, rain, the hydration reaction or biological activity.

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Measurements of air‐sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations

Cited by 449 publications

References 26 publications

A determination of air-sea gas exchange and upper ocean biological production from five noble gases and tritiugenic helium-3

A determination of air-sea gas exchange and upper ocean biological production from five noble gases and tritiugenic helium-3

The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

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