Measurements of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels after Vaccination Using a SH-SAW Biosensor

Abstract

To prevent the COVID-19 pandemic that threatens human health, vaccination has become a useful and necessary tool in the response to the pandemic. The vaccine not only induces antibodies in the body, but may also cause adverse effects such as fatigue, muscle pain, blood clots, and myocarditis, especially in patients with chronic disease. To reduce unnecessary vaccinations, it is becoming increasingly important to monitor the amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies prior to vaccination. A novel SH-SAW biosensor, coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, can help quantify the amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies with 5 μL of finger blood within 40 s. The LoD of the spike-protein-coated SAW biosensor was determined to be 41.91 BAU/mL, and the cut-off point was determined to be 50 BAU/mL (Youden’s J statistic = 0.94733). By using the SH-SAW biosensor, we found that the total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibody concentrations spiked 10–14 days after the first vaccination (p = 0.0002) and 7–9 days after the second vaccination (p = 0.0116). Furthermore, mRNA vaccines, such as Moderna or BNT, could achieve higher concentrations of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies compared with adenovirus vaccine, AZ (p < 0.0001). SH-SAW sensors in vitro diagnostic systems are a simple and powerful technology to investigate the local prevalence of COVID-19.

Systematic Review on Biosensor Systems for COVID-19 Aerosol Detection

“…Figure 2 represents the types of data sources while Figure 3 depicts the different types of sensors used for aerosol detection, out of which the immunosensors are the most used compared to others. Furthermore, in terms of geographical distribution (Figure 4), the country with the highest number of articles published is the USA, while the search engines (Figure 2) with the highest number of studies are as follows: MDPI, followed by Scopus [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

ZnO-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor to Assess Vaccine-Induced Antibody-Mediated Immunity against Wild-Type and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 Strains

“…Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tests have been developed to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Schasfoort et al describe a test based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to determine the presence and binding force of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein.…”

Application of Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (SH-SAW) Immunosensor in Point-of-Care Diagnosis

“…These biosensors have some advantages, including being label-free, small in size, reasonable in price, and capable of producing quantitative results using an electrical circuit. Many studies have been published; these have addressed thickness shear mode (TSM) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], acoustic plate mode (APM) [ 4 ], surface acoustic wave (SAW) [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], bulk acoustic wave (BAW) [ 8 ], and shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. There are many varieties of different acoustic modes, different frequencies, and different substrate materials.…”

“…The reader and sensor chip are common platforms for different markers. This paper demonstrates the performance of a number of different markers measured using this system, including C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) [ 30 ], and anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein antibody [ 12 ].…”