Measurements of boil-off gas and stratification in cryogenic liquid nitrogen with implications for the storage and transport of liquefied natural gas

Cerdeira, F.; Ghafri, Saif Z.S. Al; Gallagher, L. W.; Siahvashi, Arman; Ryu, Yonghee; Kim, Sung Woo; Kim, Sung Gyu; Johns, Michael L.; May, Eric F.

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.119853

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In our related work [58,59], we tested and validated the SHV model against our experimental data for pure liquid nitrogen [58] and LNG-like binary mixtures of methane and ethane [59]. The model calculations were also compared against literature data reported by the Gas Research Institute [56] for six different LNG weathering tests, and those reported by Harper and Powars [57] for a self-pressurization test from 283 kPa to 1585 kPa in an advanced on-vehicle LNG fuel system.…”

Section: Model Testing and Validationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The final heat transfer process considered is from the vapor to the liquid phase, denoted as Q VL , and is evaluated using (Equation ( 5)), which considers the net heat transfer across the interface by taking into account the evaporation and condensation effects. The heat transfer coefficient, U VL , is dependent on a variety of factors, including the tank geometry, fluid properties, and the orientation of the phase interface; it is this parameter that Perez et al [58] adjusted to calibrate the results observed for liquid nitrogen in their custom BOG apparatus. This then allowed for the reliable estimation of the boil-off rate and self-pressurization to be made for LNG mixtures studied in the same apparatus.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Good agreement exists between the SHV model and each of the sources from all of the comparisons listed above. Recently [86], the model's performance was compared against BOG data obtained for ternary mixtures of methane, ethane, and nitrogen using our apparatus [58] and an LNG mixture used as rocket fuel conducted at Kennedy Space Centre (NASA) [87]. However, no quantitative comparisons have yet been made for liquid hydrogen applications.…”

Section: Model Testing and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously [58,59] presented a boil-off model based on a superheated vapor assumption similar to the non-equilibrium methods presented in the literature. This model is flexible with regards to the fluid type, utilises reference Helmholtz equations of state [60,61] for the thermodynamic property calculations and, most importantly, has physically-based parameters that are anchored by high-quality experimental data for pure fluids measured using a custom BOG apparatus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we present an improved version of the superheated vapor (SHV) model developed previously [58,59] that is capable of simulating liquid hydrogen storage. The model is flexible with regards to the spin isomer composition of the hydrogen in each phase, tank geometry, and associated heat transfer, allowing the simulation of a wide range of scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A model has been developed and implemented in the software package BoilFAST that allows for reliable calculations of the self-pressurization and boil-off losses for liquid hydrogen in different tank geometries and thermal insulation systems. The model accounts for the heat transfer from the vapor to the liquid phase, incorporates realistic heat transfer mechanisms, and uses reference equations of state to calculate thermodynamic properties. The model is validated by testing against a variety of scenarios using multiple sets of industrially relevant data for liquid hydrogen (LH2), including self-pressurization and densification data obtained from an LH2 storage tank at NASA’s Kennedy Space Centre. The model exhibits excellent agreement with experimental and industrial data across a range of simulated conditions, including zero boil-off in microgravity environments, self-pressurization of a stored mass of LH2, and boil-off from a previously pressurized tank as it is being relieved of vapor.

show abstract

Section: Model Testing and Validationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Testing and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Liquefied Natural Gas Value Chain: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

Shingan,

Banerjee,

Kumawat

et al. 2023

Chem Eng & Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past few decades, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) business has experienced astounding expansion and gained global relevance. LNG has emerged as a key element in meeting the world's rising energy demand while working to cut carbon emissions, since it is a cleaner and more adaptable energy source. The entire process from natural gas extraction to consumption is covered in the presented analysis of the LNG value chain, starting out by looking at the discovery and production of natural gas reserves, highlighting important innovations and methods used during the extraction stage. The procedures used to treat and purify natural gas in order to meet the strict standards for liquefaction are detailed. Analysis of the liquefaction process reveals numerous liquefaction technologies, e.g. the well‐known conventional liquefaction and the cutting‐edge floating LNG and small‐scale LNG facilities. LNG storage and transportation, as critical components in the value chain, are examined in great detail. When the LNG reaches its destination, regasification plays a crucial role in repurposing it as a gas for distribution and consumption. Regasification technologies, such as conventional onshore terminals, floating storage and regasification units, and land‐based regasification facilities, are covered. Concerns regarding methane emissions and the carbon footprint, the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through new technology, the environmental impact of LNG, and the economics of LNG are also considered across its value chain.

show abstract