Measurements of Entrance Surface Dose and Effective Dose of Patients in Diagnostic Radiography

Abstract

In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to look into the patient's dose to assess ESD and ED for patients in digital diagnostic radiography examinations for the optimization of radiation protection of the patients who are exposed to radiation dose thereby facing the increasing probability of fatal cancer risk and other biological effects. Patients dosimetry carried out on 15 adult patients (Male-4 and Female-11) of age 20 to 69 years. The IAEA TRS No. 457 dosimetry protocol was followed in accordance with non-invasive kV-meter, DIAVOLT UNIVERSAL T43014-001400, locating at 100 cm from focus to surface distance for measurement of radiological parameters such as kVp and mAs. The ESD has a wide range from 0.05mGy to 0.35 mGy for chest even for the same examination carried out on the patients of different age and gender and the corresponding effective dose lies from 0.01 to 0.04 mSv, additionally, in other parts like L-spine AP, Lat and in foot ESDs are 1.24 mGy, 2.06 mGy and 0.07 mGy respectively with their corresponding EDs are 0.13 mSv, 0.05 mSv and 0.0003 mSv. The ESDs and EDs reported in this study are generally lower than the doses published in literatures.

A Analysis of The Capture Result of Flat Panel Detector Design with Arduino-Based BPW34 Photodiode Sensor against mA and kV Settings

“…Based on the data measurement as presented in Figure 11, Figure 12, and Figure 13 of setting kV using objects and without using objects, it can be seen that in the kV setting without objects, the color of the resulting object was not very visible compared to data collection using objects. Meanwhile, in terms of the setting of kV using objects, there was a difference in the level of blackness density between the setting of 50 kV and the setting of 70 kV [29], [31].…”

“…Therefore, the level of precision of the sensor on the Flat Panel Detector Design Tool was quite precise to receive X-rays at the same level. When giving objects with different thicknesses, the Flat Panel Detector Design Tool showed the results of the response to the difference in thickness by showing the difference in the resulting gray color [28] [31]. It is shown in FIGURE 14 below.…”

Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) and Bucky Table Induced Backscattered Dose (BTI-BSD) in Abdominal Radiography With nanoDot Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSLD)

“…Even though the radiation exposure from x-ray scans is modest, the increasing frequency of tests has sparked public concern. By publishing the patient dose report in diagnostic radiology in 2009, for instance, the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) of the United Kingdom (UK) contributed to increasing global awareness of measuring patient doses [ 12 - 14 ].…”

Evaluation of Operator and Patient Doses after Irradiation with Handheld X-ray Devices

“…With the increasing ubiquity of radiographic procedures utilizing X-ray technology, concerns over radiation-induced malignancies have grown. Radiation safety protocols aim to mitigate these risks by regulating the utilization of ionizing radiation sources, including X-rays [6][7][8]. Adherence to guidelines set forth by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) ensures that both practitioners and the general public are not subjected to radiation levels exceeding internationally recognized Appl.…”