Measurements of friction injuries in man

Akers, Colonel William A.

doi:10.1002/ajim.4700080429

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3 and Figs. 6,7,8,9,10). This fact can be interpreted as general evidence supporting the view that the friction behaviour of dry skin is similar to that of rough solids.…”

Section: Adhesion Frictionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…6,7,8,9). In vivo friction measurements on skin are generally scattered, and studies investigating more than one subject normally report considerable variations among individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, tribological studies on skin were related to cosmetics and the effects of skin care products [1][2][3][4] or dealt with dermatological questions concerning skin condition, ageing, skin injuries, wound healing and prosthetics [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Another category of studies investigated the role of skin friction, especially of the finger pad, in connection with the sense of touch [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overview over the experimental results for the friction of human skin (data from Figs 6,7,8,9),. without taking into account measurements against PTFE.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the tribology of human skin and present an analysis of the available experimental results for skin friction coefficients. Starting with an overview on the factors influencing the friction behaviour of skin, we discuss the up-to-date existing experimental data and compare the results for different anatomical skin areas and friction measurement techniques. For this purpose, we also estimated and analysed skin contact pressures applied during the various friction measurements. The detailed analyses show that substantial variations are a characteristic feature of friction coefficients measured for skin and that differences in skin hydration are the main cause thereof, followed by the influences of surface and material properties of the contacting materials. When the friction coefficients of skin are plotted as a function of the contact pressure, the majority of the literature data scatter over a wide range that can be explained by the adhesion friction model. The case of dry skin is reflected by relatively low and pressureindependent friction coefficients (greater than 0.2 and typically around 0.5), comparable to the dry friction of solids with rough surfaces. In contrast, the case of moist or wet skin is characterised by significantly higher (typically [1) friction coefficients that increase strongly with decreasing contact pressure and are essentially determined by the mechanical shear properties of wet skin. In several studies, effects of skin deformation mechanisms contributing to the total friction are evident from friction coefficients increasing with contact pressure. However, the corresponding friction coefficients still lie within the range delimited by the adhesion friction model. Further research effort towards the analysis of the microscopic contact area and mechanical properties of the upper skin layers is needed to improve our so far limited understanding of the complex tribological behaviour of human skin.

show abstract

“…3 and Figs. 6,7,8,9,10). This fact can be interpreted as general evidence supporting the view that the friction behaviour of dry skin is similar to that of rough solids.…”

Section: Adhesion Frictionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…6,7,8,9). In vivo friction measurements on skin are generally scattered, and studies investigating more than one subject normally report considerable variations among individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overview over the experimental results for the friction of human skin (data from Figs 6,7,8,9),. without taking into account measurements against PTFE.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Skin friction studies may generate objective product evaluation data [3.4], Finally, the clinical derma tologist deals with acute and chronic friction trauma. Acute friction trauma causes first erythema, then blisters on palms and soles or erosion in other skin areas, whereas chronic friction trauma may lead to reactive hyperkerato sis (callus) on palms and soles or lichénification at other body sites [5,6]. Vulvar skin is commonly subjected to acute friction trauma by garment-and skin-related fric tion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frictional Properties of Human Forearm and Vulvar Skin: Influence of Age and Correlation with Transepidermal Water Loss and Capacitance

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The dynamic friction coefficient between skin and a Teflon probe and its correlation with age, body weight, height, transepidermal water loss and skin capacitance was studied in vulvar and forearm skin of 44 healthy female volunteers. The friction coefficient of vulvar skin was 0.66 ± 0.03 (mean ± SEM) compared to that of forearm skin of 0.48 ± 0.01. The difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). Multiple-regression analysis showed that the vulvar skin friction coefficient was significantly correlated with capacitance as an indicator of stratum corneum hydration (p < 0.01) but not with age weight height or transepidermal water loss. It is concluded that the high friction coefficient of vulvar skin may be due to the increased hydration of vulvar skin. Age-related differences seem to exist for transepidermal water loss and friction coefficient in forearm but not in vulvar skin.

show abstract

Mechanical and Thermal Injury

Kennedy¹,

Burd²

2004

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The skin is constantly subjected to both internal and external mechanical forces, so that for experimental purposes it may be impossible to determine what constitutes the normal resting state. These forces are likely to be as important in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the connective tissues of the skin [1,2] as they are with bone, which becomes demineralized during the protracted absence of normal gravitational force during space travel [3]. In contrast to events in the whole organism, isolated human dermal fibroblasts in culture make more collagen when subjected to reduced gravity [4]. Many normal biochemical functions of the skin are dependent on appropri-ate mechanical forces, and when these become excessive, as in lymphoedema, protease inhibitors are released with many deleterious consequences [5].Healthy skin is well adapted to resist the adverse effects of a wide range of mechanical injuries [6]. These include friction, pressure, contusion, laceration, suction and vibration. The clinical consequence of injury will depend on characteristics of the noxious stimulus, such as its intensity and duration. Factors related to the skin also influence the response; thus, the same degree of friction may produce a blister in one person but no visible change in another. Time is required for adaptive responses, such as callus formation and lichenification, to occur.

show abstract

Measurements of friction injuries in man

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

Frictional Properties of Human Forearm and Vulvar Skin: Influence of Age and Correlation with Transepidermal Water Loss and Capacitance

Mechanical and Thermal Injury

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About