Measurements of polarization mode dispersion on aerial optical cables: Theory and experiments

Haro, Justino; Horche, Paloma R.

doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2013.05.008

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The amount of information exchanged is so enormous (such as sound, images, and data) that traditional means of communication can no longer meet the demands of the modern society, providing the condition of optical fiber communication widely used due to its advantages of large information capacity, good confidentiality, light weight, small volume, and long distance of non-relay segment. The applications of optical cable almost cover all industries, which are moving to a wider and deeper level (Haro and Horche 2013).…”

Section: Key Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber-Optic Cable

Yan¹,

Ying²,

Yang³

et al. 2019

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

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It is with the purpose of meeting the performance specifications of optics, machinery, and the environment that optical fiber cables are made. Communication cable assemblies with one or more optical fibers in the cladding sheath of optical cables are made used as the transmission medium and can be used individually or in groups. In the structure of optical cables, a certain amount of fibers is used to form the cable core in a certain way, some of which are covered with outer sheath. Generally speaking, optical fiber cables are communication lines used to transmit optical signals (Hogari et al. 2008). Although there is certain tensile strength of optical fibers, the strength is not strong enough to withstand the practical situations of bending, twisting, and side pressure. Thus, the traditional cable which contains technology should be used, such as fitting, overlaying plastic, metal tape armoring, and so on, just like the copper cables of communication. And then, in order to make a variety of optical cables which can be used in different environments, the strength component materials are placed in the cable core, so that it can meet the laying conditions required by the projects; achieve the mechanical performances of resistance to tension, impact, bending, distortion, and so on in practical situations; and ensure the original great transmission performance of the unchanged optical fibers (Shimizu 2008). Scientific Fundamentals Basic Structure Optical cable is mainly composed of optical fiber (glass which is as thin as hair), plastic protective sheath, and plastic outer layer. It can be divided into fiber core, reinforcing steel wire, filler, and sheath. In addition, there are waterproof layer, buffer layer, insulation metal wires, and other components according to the demand. To some extent, the performance of the optical fibers has an impact on the performance of optical cables. Fiber

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Section: Key Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber-Optic Cable

Yan¹,

Ying²,

Yang³

et al. 2019

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

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“…Investigation of detrimental effects on telecommunications and network monitoring due to the impact of environmental conditions on aerial fibers and OPGWs has focused on polarization mode dispersion, state of polarization fluctuations, and transmission delay variations [10][11][12][13][14]. To the best of our knowledge, only one study [15] has undertaken a characterization of frequency transfer stability on aerial fiber to date, and only at radio frequencies (10 MHz).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of optical frequency transfer over 154 km of aerial fiber

et al. 2017

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We present measurements of the frequency transfer stability and analysis of the noise characteristics of an optical signal propagating over aerial suspended fiber links up to 153.6 km in length. The measured frequency transfer stability over these links is on the order of 10^-11 at an integration time of 1 s dropping to 10^-12 for integration times longer than 100 s. We show that wind-loading of the cable spans is the dominant source of short-timescale noise on the fiber links. We also report an attempt to stabilize the optical frequency transfer over these aerial links.

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“…Aunque principalmente la temperatura tiene más influencia que el viento sobre los cables aéreos, este último, además de las fuerzas ya existentes, como la tensión uniaxial, podría desempeñar un papel no despreciable. (Haro & R. Horche, 2013) Lo que aquí se pretende predecir es el impacto comparativo sobre las variaciones de PMD esperadas (Waddy, 2005), para lo que es necesario considerar que los factores que influyen en el valor de la PMD de una fibra según su naturaleza, principalmente, son: a) Intrínsecos…”

Section: Método Analítico Para La Estimación De La Pmd Por Estrés En Catenarias De Fibra Aéreaunclassified

“…(3.9) Figura 3.13. Tipos de fuerza ejercida sobre los cables aéreos de fibra [Haro 2013] A. ESTRÉS UNIAXIAL.…”

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Análisis de Factores Limitantes en la Escalabilidad de Redes ópticas legadas y de nueva generación: propuesta de soluciones basadas en la gestión de la polarización

García¹

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The research work carried out in this doctoral thesis has focused on the study of High Capacity Optical Networks. This work contributes to the development of new methodologies and techniques, mainly based on the polarization management of the optical signal. The objective, and main motivation of this work is to give a solution to the imposed limitations by some factors, such as polarization mode dispersion (PMD) or non-linear effects in the optical fiber.It is important to highlight that the scope of the proposals developed in this thesis include both the legacy DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) networks, coming from the beginning of the 2000s that are currently working and the new generation Optical Networks.The obtained results have been fundamentally based on the design and characterization of simulated optical systems by a commercial program. However, a part of the contributions of this thesis have been validated by experimental characterization of different optical links.In the legacy networks, the most important limiting factor is the PMD, due to the worn-out of fiber optic cables. This parameter is very dependent on environmental elements, especially in aerial lines. In order to improve understanding of how PMD behaves in different environmental situations, long-term PMD measurements have been performed using an interferometric method. This has allowed to characterizing their random behavior and determining the effects that external agents such as temperature, humidity and wind speed have on the PMD.The experimental results have been compared with the PMD prediction model, this comparison allow us to validate the interferometric method as the best option for long-term and broad-spectrum measurements.In addition, we propose a new approach model for the catenary. This model is able to estimate the fiber birefringence caused by the torsion and flexion of an aerial cable due to high wind speed conditions.Regarding the legacy networks in which the modulation format usually used is RZ-DQPSK (Return to Zero -Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying), this work proposes the compensation of the nonlinear effects, such as the FWM (Four-wave mixing) and more especially the intrachannel IFWM, by depolarizing the optical signal using fibers with a certain PMD value.On the other hand, a commercial DWDM legacy optical route has also been analyzed, characterized and measured in order to improve its performance, considering as much as possible the economic implications derived from the migration to higher technologies. An analytical study of limiting factors of the route has been carried out, which has included the tolerance to the concatenation of filters, to the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) introduced by the optical in-line amplifiers (OLA), and compared with the experimental measurements.Based on the results obtained, the possibility of increasing the capacity of a legacy DWDM network has been demonstrated. It has been proposed, among other things, the use of coherent receivers to improve the OSNR ...

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Measurements of polarization mode dispersion on aerial optical cables: Theory and experiments

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Fiber-Optic Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

Characterization of optical frequency transfer over 154 km of aerial fiber

Análisis de Factores Limitantes en la Escalabilidad de Redes ópticas legadas y de nueva generación: propuesta de soluciones basadas en la gestión de la polarización

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