Measurements of the Air Conditioning Capacity of the Nose During Normal and Pathological Conditions and Pharmacological Influence

Drettner, B; Falck, Björn; Simon, Hans-Uwe

doi:10.3109/00016487709123966

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…258 C and 50 per cent relative humidity), and about a third of that is recovered during expirations. 10,11,26 In vivo measurements of air temperature within the upper respiratory tract throughout the respiratory cycle were acquired with a thermocouple that was introduced via the nose during bre-optic bronchoscopy. 13,25,[27][28][29] A representative summary of temperature and humidity distribution in the respiratory tract (Table I) for a healthy adult during quiet breathing at room temperature (228 C and 50 per cent relative humidity) shows that the nasal cavity heats the inspired air to about 348 C. 13,25,27,28 Inspiration of very cold air (e.g.…”

Section: Air-conditioning In the Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose

et al. 2004

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Nasal inspiration is important for maintaining the internal milieu of the lung, since ambient air is conditioned to nearly alveolar conditions (body temperature and fully saturated with water vapour) upon reaching the nasopharynx. This literature review of the existing in vivo, in vitro and computational studies on transport phenomena that take place within the human nasal cavity summarizes the current knowledge on air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose.

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Section: Air-conditioning In the Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose

et al. 2004

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“…One study found that the humidification capacity of the anterior nose was reduced during rhinitis (13), and another study found a small decrease in the humidifying capacity of the nose among four subjects with atrophic rhinitis compared to 22 normal subjects (14). Relative humidity may also affect bronchial mucus if nasal congestion leads to breathing throuigh the mouth.…”

Section: Direct Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.

Arundel¹,

Sterling²,

Biggin³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

242

172

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A review of the health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments suggests that relative humidity can affect the incidence of respiratory infections and allergies. Experimental studies on airborne-transmitted infectious bacteria and viruses have shown that the survival or infectivity of these organisms is minimized by exposure to relative humidities between 40 and 70%. Nine epidemiological studies examined the relationship between the number of respiratory infections or absenteeism and the relative humidity of the office, residence, or school. The incidence of absenteeism or respiratory infections was found to be lower among people working or living in environments with mid-range versus low or high relative humidities. The indoor size of allergenic mite and fungal populations is directly dependent upon the relative humidity. Mite populations are minimized when the relative humidity is below 50% and reach a maximum size at 80% relative humidity. Most species of fungi cannot grow unless the relative humidity exceeds 60%. Relative humidity also affects the rate of offgassing of formaldehyde from indoor building materials, the rate of formation of acids and salts from sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, and the rate of formation of ozone. The influence of relative humidity on the abundance of allergens, pathogens, and noxious chemicals suggests that indoor relative humidity levels should be considered as a factor of indoor air quality. The majority of adverse health effects caused bLy relative humidity would be minimized by maintaining indoor levels between 40 and 60%. This would require humidification during winter in areas with cold winter climates. Humidification should preferably use evaporative or steam humidifiers, as cool mist humidifiers can disseminate aerosols contaminated with allergens.

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“…Drettner f ü hrte seine Messungen ebenfalls mit einem Massenspektrometer durch, das an einen Nasopharynxkatheter gekoppelt war [49,50] . Mit einem Massenspektrometer lassen sich die in der Luft befi ndlichen Wassermolek ü le direkt bestimmen.…”

Section: Messung Der Feuchtigkeitunclassified

“…10 % ). Drettner et al [49,50] 1977, 1981 Massenspektrometer Grundlegende Erkl ä rung nasaler Messsysteme. Primiano et al [54,55] 1984, 1988 Thermistor, Massenspektrometer…”

Section: Nasale Klimatisierung Bei Menschenunclassified

“…Drettner et al untersuchten die Klimaleistung der Nase nach partieller Maxillektomie. Verglichen mit Normalpersonen wiesen die operierten Nasen eine signifi kant erniedrigte Temperatur und Feuchte auf [49] . Beim Vergleich von nicht operierten Nasenseiten und Nasenwegen nach radikaler Nasennebenh ö hlenoperation mit Resektion der lateralen Nasenwand und den Nasenmuscheln wegen eines invertierten Papilloms zeigte sich eine signifi kant erniedrigte Erw ä rmung und Befeuchtung in den operierten Nasenwegen [143] .…”

Section: Radikale Nasennebenh ö Hlenchirurgieunclassified

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Strömungssimulation und Klimatisierung in der Nase

Keck¹,

Lindemann²

2010

Laryngo-Rhino-Otol

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Heating and humidification of the respiratory air are the main functions of the nasal airways in addition to cleansing and olfaction. Optimal nasal air conditioning is mandatory for an ideal pulmonary gas exchange in order to avoid dessication and adhesion of the alveolar capillary bed. The complex three-dimensional anatomical structure of the nose makes it impossible to perform detailed in vivo studies on intranasal heating and humidification within the entire nasal airways applying various technical set-ups. The main problem of in vivo temperature and humidity measurements is a poor spatial and time resolution. Therefore, in vivo measurements are feasible to a restricted extent, only providing single temperature values as the complete nose is not entirely accessible. Therefore, data on the overall performance of the nose are only based on one single measurement within each nasal segment. In vivo measurements within the entire nose are not feasible. These serious technical issues concerning in vivo measurements led to a large number of numerical simulation projects in the last few years providing novel information about the complex functions of the nasal airways. In general, numerical simulations only calculate predictions in a computational model, e. g. realistic nose model, depending on the setting of the boundary conditions. Therefore, numerical simulations achieve only approximations of a possible real situation. The aim of this report is the synopsis of the technical expertise on the field of in vivo nasal air conditioning, the novel information of numerical simulations and the current state of knowledge on the influence of nasal and sinus surgery on nasal air conditioning.

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Measurements of the Air Conditioning Capacity of the Nose During Normal and Pathological Conditions and Pharmacological Influence

Cited by 42 publications

References 10 publications

Air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose

Air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose

Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.

Strömungssimulation und Klimatisierung in der Nase

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