Measurements of ultrafine particle concentration and size distribution in the urban atmosphere

Shi, Ji Ping; Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz; Harrison, Roy M.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00189-8

Cited by 230 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Several studies that measured traffic-related pollutants (CO, NO 2 , black smoke, fine and ultrafine particles) with increasing distances from freeways and roadways showed that concentrations tended to follow an exponential decay curve, especially in downwind directions (Hitchins et al 2000;Rodes and Holland 1981;Roorda-Knape et al 1998;Sistla et al 1979;Sivacoumar and Thanasekaran 1999;Zhu et al 2002). Other studies have shown that concentrations of traffic-related pollutants near freeways and roadways are correlated with traffic counts (Kinney et al 2000;Momas et al 1999;Pikhart et al 1999) and/or, more generally, are higher than background levels near heavy-traffic roadways Janssen et al 1997Janssen et al , 2001Kingham et al 2000;Kuhler et al 1988;Monn et al 1997;Morawska et al 1999;Nakai et al 1995;Nitta et al 1993;Ott 1977;Pfeffer 1994;Roemer and van Wijnen 2001;Shi et al 1999;Wrobel et al 2000;Wjst et al 1993). These data support the use of a purely distance-and traffic-based DWTD-type model to estimate exposure to traffic-related pollutants in large epidemiologic studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996.

Wilhelm

Ritz

2003

Environ Health Perspect

318

238

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Epidemiologic studies addressing the relationship between ambient air pollution and fetal development are accumulating worldwide. Studies conducted in China (Wang et al. 1997;Xu et al. 1995), Brazil (Pereira et al. 1998), the Czech Republic (Bobak and Leon 1999;Dejmek et al. 1999;Perera et al. 1999), Mexico (Loomis et al. 1999), Korea (Ha et al. 2001), and the United States (Woodruff et al. 1997) linked ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy with term low birth weight (LBW), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), preterm birth, and perinatal mortality. We recently reported that increases in carbon monoxide, particulate matter < 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 ), and ozone concentrations during vulnerable pregnancy periods increased the risk of term LBW (Ritz and Yu 1999), preterm delivery (Ritz et al. 2000), and certain cardiac malformations, such as ventricular septal defects (Ritz et al. 2002). CO is released directly in motor vehicle exhaust and does not react readily in the atmosphere to form other compounds. Fine (< 2.5 µm) and ultrafine (< 0.1 µm) particles are also released directly in vehicle exhaust but undergo physical and chemical transformations in the atmosphere as they disperse from the roadway (Zhu et al. 2002). The consistently observed associations between ambient CO concentrations and adverse birth outcomes in our previous studies suggest that compounds in motor vehicle exhaust (either CO or associated compounds such as fine and ultrafine particles) may affect fetal development.In our previous studies (Ritz and Yu 1999;Ritz et al. 2000Ritz et al. , 2002, air pollution exposure assessment was based on measurements taken at ambient monitoring stations during specific pregnancy periods. Although such measures may adequately reflect average exposure of pregnant women to background air pollution concentrations in their neighborhood, they may not take into account differential exposure within neighborhoods due to proximity to heavy-traffic roadways and freeways. Women residing closer to these sources may experience greater exposure to potentially toxic compounds released directly in vehicle exhaust or formed in the atmosphere adjacent to roadways. Therefore, we examined whether residential proximity to heavy-traffic roadways, such as freeways and major arterials, during pregnancy was associated with the risk of term LBW and preterm birth in infants born to women living in Los Angeles County, California, between 1994-1996 using a case-control study design. MethodsSubjects. We used birth certificates, provided by the California Department of Health Services (Sacramento, CA), to identify study subjects and to determine their gestational age, birth weight, and values for covariates included in our analyses. We included infants born to women living in the 28 Los Angeles County zip codes evaluated in earlier work (Ritz and Yu 1999;Ritz et al. 2000) and 84 additional zip codes selected to capture areas intersected by freeways and major arterials and collectors (Figure 1). Overall we included...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996.

Wilhelm

Ritz

2003

Environ Health Perspect

318

238

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“…The total PN concentrations at these sites were quite similar and ranged from 25,000 to 30,000 particles/cm 3 in winter months to 12,000 to 15,000 particles/cm 3 in summer/spring months. High number concentrations at the urban sites during winter are likely due to lower temperatures favoring particle formation by condensable organics freshly emitted from vehicles (Shi et al, 1999;Ziemann et al, 2001;Baltensperger et al, 2002). The lowest levels of PN concentrations were observed at Lake Arrowhead, which is a remote mountainous site.…”

Section: Seasonal and Spatial Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As one of many sources contributing to urban air pollution in general, the combustion of fossil fuel in motor vehicles is one of the major primary emission sources of ultrafine particles in urban atmospheres, especially in the developed nations (Shi et al, 1999;Cyrys et al, 2003). Recent studies have shown a dramatic decrease of ultrafine number concentrations with increasing distance from busy freeways in Los Angeles, thereby demonstrating that vehicular pollution is a major source of ultrafine particles and that high number concentrations can be a localized phenomenon, on scales of 100-300 m (Zhu et al, 2002a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and spatial trends in particle number concentrations and size distributions at the children's health study sites in Southern California

Singh

Phuleria

Bowers

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…There are several studies that have also indicated the cofounding effects of anthropogenic aerosols (such as industrial emissions, traffic exhausts) and naturally occurring bioaerosols in respiratory disorders (Nel et al, 1998;Takenaka et al, 1995). Emissions from traffic-related sources in urban areas have been examined by several researchers (Cadle et al, 1999;Gillies and Gertler, 2000;HEI, 2002;Schauer et al,1996;Shi et al, 1999). A large cohort epidemiological study is underway in the Greater Cincinnati area to examine the adjuvant role of traffic related and naturally occurring aerosols on enhancing the onset of allergic sensitization in children (LeMasters et al, 2003;Ryan et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UNMIX modeling of ambient PM2.5 near an interstate highway in Cincinnati, OH, USA

McDonald

Martuzevičius

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

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The "Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS)" is underway to determine if infants who are exposed to diesel engine exhaust particles are at an increased risk for atopy and atopic respiratory disorders, and to determine if this effect is magnified in a genetically at risk population. In support of this study, a methodology has been developed to allocate local traffic source contributions to ambient PM 2.5 in the Cincinnati airshed. As a first step towards this allocation, UNMIX was used to generate factors for ambient PM 2.5 at two sites near at interstate highway. Procedures adopted to collect, analyze and prepare the data sets to run UNMIX are described. The factors attributed to traffic sources were similar for the two sites. These factors were also similar to locally measured truck engine-exhaust enriched ambient profiles. The temporal variation of the factors was analyzed with clear differences observed between factors attributed to traffic sources and combustion-related regional secondary sources.

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Measurements of ultrafine particle concentration and size distribution in the urban atmosphere

Cited by 230 publications

References 4 publications

Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996.

Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996.

Seasonal and spatial trends in particle number concentrations and size distributions at the children's health study sites in Southern California

UNMIX modeling of ambient PM2.5 near an interstate highway in Cincinnati, OH, USA

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