Measurements of vertebral translations using bone pins, surface markers and accelerometers

Influence of carrying a backpack on pelvic tilt, rotation, and obliquity in female college students

“…Most of the markers were attached to palpable bony structures. With this method, some cutaneoskeletal drift will occur [12]. At times it was necessary to place the markers over clothing to maintain the subject's modesty.…”

The reproducibility of signals from skin-mounted accelerometers following removal and replacement

“…Signals from skin-mounted accelerometers [1] may contain measurement error when compared to signals obtained from bone-mounted sensors [2]. While this error may be minimized through various techniques, additional error may occur as a result of sensor removal and subsequent replacement.…”

The in vivo three-dimensional motion of the human lumbar spine during gait

“…However, most devices, such as the commonly used OSI CA 6000, are limited in their ability to discern segmental motion, and only measure global lumbar movements. Surface optical markers have been utilized in many series, but movements in the transverse plane have not been possible to measure due to the inherent error of motion at the bonesubcutaneous tissue/skin interface [10].…”