Measurements of wet and dry deposition in a Northern Hardwood forest

Shepard, James P.; Mitchell, Myron J.; Scott, Tony; Zhang, Y. M.; Raynal, Dudley J.

doi:10.1007/bf00282380

Cited by 71 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For example, Doskey et al (2004) used the modified Bowen ratio technique to measure daytime PAN deposition velocities over a grassland site; while upward PAN fluxes were observed during sunny afternoons, possibly due to chemistry associated with emission of precursor compounds, net PAN fluxes averaged over three months were downward with an average deposition velocity of 0.13±0.13 cm s −1 . Nighttime velocity measurements using 222 Radon and PAN concentrations showed significant, though variable, deposition (Schrimpf et al, 1996), as had been indicated by previous studies (Shepson et al, 1992). Recent eddy covariance flux measurements of PAN showed rapid deposition, particularly to wet surfaces (Turnipseed et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…(Vitousek et al, 1997). This effect has clear implications as the CO 2 level in the atmosphere continues to rise concurrently with increased anthropogenic N emission and consequent increased N deposition to ecosystems (Sievering et al, 2001). However, because N emissions contribute to ozone formation, increased N deposition associated with those emissions may also be accompanied by increased deposition of ozone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bobbink et al, 1992;Bytnerowicz and Fenn, 1996;Holland et al, 2005;Shepard et al, 1989 and references therein). More detailed experiments have focused on NO and N 2 O because of their clear soil sources, the greenhouse warming potential of N 2 O, and the availability of commercial detectors (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tarnay et al (2001) used inferential flux measurements at Lake Tahoe, CA, and determined that dry deposition of HNO 3 is the major source of atmospheric N to the lake. HNO 3 deposition velocities of 7.6 cm s −1 were measured at Niwot Ridge using the flux gradient approach (Sievering et al, 2001). Pryor et al (2002) used both gradient and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) techniques to measure HNO 3 fluxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO3, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO2 fluxes using eddy covariance

2006

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Abstract. Nitrogen exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere directly influences atmospheric composition. While much is known about mechanisms of NO and N 2 O emissions, instrumentation for the study of mechanisms contributing to exchange of other major nitrogen species is quite limited. Here we describe the application of a new technique, thermal dissociation-laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF), to eddy covariance measurements of the fluxes of NO 2 , total peroxy acyl and peroxy nitrates, total alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrates, and nitric acid. The technique offers the potential for investigating mechanisms of exchange of these species at the canopy scale over timescales from days to years. Examples of flux measurements at a ponderosa pine plantation in the mid-elevation Sierra Nevada Mountains in California are reported and used to evaluate instrument performance.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO3, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO2 fluxes using eddy covariance

2006

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“…Such a large number of constituents with negative fluxes has not previously been reported. There have been previous reports of negative net below canopy fluxes in an annual cycle for NO 3 2 (Steinhardt, 1979;Lindberg et al, 1986;Foster and Nicholson, 1988;Shephard et al, 1989;Veneklass, 1990;Neary and Gizyn, 1994;Shibata and Sakuma, 1996), for H þ (MacDonald et al, 1993;Matzner and Meiwes, 1994;Neary and Gizyn, 1994;Capellato and Peters, 1995;Shibata and Sakuma, 1996), and for Cl 2 Table 2 Statistics of simple regression for net below canopy fluxes NBCF (kg ha Significance of the regression coefficients: ***P , 0,001; **P , 0,01; *P , 0,05 and n.s. not significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net below canopy fluxes in Canarian laurel forest canopies

Aboal

Jiménez

Morales

et al. 2002

Journal of Hydrology

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Bulk precipitation, stemflow and throughfall were collected in a Canarian laurel forest (North Tenerife), and chemically analysed to determine the net below canopy fluxes. Annual negative fluxes were found for H þ , NO 3 2 , SO 4 2 and Cl 2 and annual positive fluxes for Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , K þ , Na þ , HCO 3 2 , PO 4 32 and DOC. Negative fluxes for most of these ions have been reported previously but this is the first time that they have all been measured at the same time in one forest.The relative importance of atmospheric deposition and canopy leaching to net below canopy fluxes was evaluated using two approaches previously employed in this type of study. The first approach consisted of calculating total inputs, taking inputs as bulk precipitation or bulk precipitation plus the additional input from scavenging dry deposition by vegetation surfaces, corrected by the maximum and minimum leaching rate. The values obtained for inputs were very similar, possibly due to the minimum effect on scavenging particles by the canopy. In the second approach, linear regressions were developed for net below canopy fluxes and the variables related to dry deposition (antecedent dry period) and leaching (event quantity and duration, etc.); this showed that NO 3 2 in net below canopy fluxes came from dry deposition, the rest of the elements from leaching, and SO 4 22 from both. Similar results were obtained using both approaches. It was found that a simple linear regression model with event quantity as the independent variable can readily substitute the Lovett and Lindberg (1984) [J. Appl. Ecol. 21 (1984) 1013] model. The latter model was applied for separate internal and external sources in the case of SO 4 22 . This forest differed greatly from other, previously studied forests. Large amounts of water were required for a positive flux (leaching), suggesting that the negative net below canopy fluxes of some elements were due to the low water regimes during the study year. Possible causes of this were the high value of the canopy saturation and the pattern of scattered rainfall, which led to extreme values of interception losses. The point at which the line representing the relationship between net below canopy fluxes and event quantity intersected the x axis varied depending on the leachable properties of the canopy ions. q

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Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

et al. 1997

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Six methods were compared for calculating annual stream exports of sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum from six small Appalachian watersheds. Approximately 250±400 stream samples and concurrent stream¯ow measurements were collected during base¯ows and storm¯ows for the 1989 water year at ®ve Pennsylvania watersheds and during the 1989±1992 water years at a West Virginia watershed. Continuous stream¯ow records were also collected at each watershed. Solute exports were calculated from the complete data set using six dierent scenarios ranging from instantaneous monthly measurements of stream chemistry and stream¯ow, to intensive monitoring of storm¯ow events and multiple regression equations. The results for ®ve of the methods were compared with the regression method because statistically signi®cant models were developed and the regression equations allowed for prediction of solute concentrations during unsampled storm¯ows. Results indicated that continuous stream¯ow measurement was critical to producing exports within 10% of regression estimates. For solutes whose concentrations were not correlated strongly with stream¯ow, weekly grab samples combined with continuous records of stream¯ow were sucient to produce export estimates within 10% of the regression method. For solutes whose concentrations were correlated strongly with stream¯ow, more intensive sampling during storm¯ows or the use of multiple regression equations were the most appropriate methods, especially for watersheds where stream¯ows changed most quickly. Concentration±stream¯ow relationships, stream hydrological response, available resources and required level of accuracy of chemical budgets should be considered when choosing a method for calculating solute exports.

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Measurements of wet and dry deposition in a Northern Hardwood forest

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO<sub>3</sub>, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO<sub>2</sub> fluxes using eddy covariance

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO<sub>3</sub>, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO<sub>2</sub> fluxes using eddy covariance

Net below canopy fluxes in Canarian laurel forest canopies

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

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Measurements of wet and dry deposition in a Northern Hardwood forest

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes using eddy covariance

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes using eddy covariance

Net below canopy fluxes in Canarian laurel forest canopies

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

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Product

Resources

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Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO<sub>3</sub>, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO<sub>2</sub> fluxes using eddy covariance

Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO<sub>3</sub>, Σalkyl nitrates, Σperoxy nitrates, and NO<sub>2</sub> fluxes using eddy covariance