Measures Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Children in Japan: Current Status and Future Prospects

Abstract

Quoted from the Glossary of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Japanese Society of Chemotherapy), the Annual Report of the Japanese Society of Antimicrobials for Animals 36 (2014), and the Guidelines for the Use of Antimicrobial Substances in Cooperative Livestock Insurances (2009, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)[Reference] There are multiple relevant terminologies with different definitions. However, in medical practice, the following four terms are often used interchangeably to refer drugs that act against bacteria: "antimicrobial agents," "antibiotics," "antibiotic agents," and "antibacterial agents." In the areas of agriculture and livestock, the expressions "antibacterial agents" and "antimicrobial agents" are commonly used, because these agents are not only used for therapeutic purposes, but also in antibiotic feed additives.Antimicrobial agents or antimicrobials: Antimicrobial agents, or antimicrobials, are active against microorganisms, which are generally categorized into bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. These are the general term for drugs to treat and prevent infectious diseases. They contain antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents and antiparasitic agents. Antibacterial agents: Antimicrobial agents that are active against bacteria. Antibiotics: informally defined as an agent that is derived from living organisms to inhibit and control cell activities of microorganisms Antibiotic agents: Another term for drugs that use the antibacterial action of antibiotics Reference: the Manual of Antimicrobial Stewardship, 1st edition * Prepared from [3] with partial modification. JVARM "Results of Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Food-producing Animals on Farms" ** Target values were quoted from [1].

Epidemiological Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Changes of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii under the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis in a Large Teaching Hospital

“…The age distribution showed a higher resistance rate of CRO in pediatric populations. Children with low body weight and incomplete immune systems are more susceptible to the invasion of external pathogens and nosocomial infection [ 13 ]. Additionally, limited types of antibiotics are available for children, so cephalosporins, carbapenems, and macrocyclic lipids are widely used, which may lead to drug resistance [ 14 ] The resistance rates of CRKP and CRAB were also found to be higher in the ICU compared with other departments, which is in line with previous research findings [ 2 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Reduction strategies for inpatient oral third-generation cephalosporins at a cancer center: An interrupted time-series analysis

“…Although efforts to reduce the use of oral 3GCs in Japan have been reported, a uniform method of reduction has not been established [21][22][23][24]. Notably, there are no studies on antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) reported on oral 3GCs in countries outside Japan.…”