Measures of explicit and implicit in motor learning: what we know and what we don’t

Maresch, Jana; Mudrik, Liad; Donchin, Opher

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.037

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…A challenge in this endeavor may be that while there is broad agreement on the existence of these two distinct processes, their exact relationship and how they jointly contribute to adaptation remains unclear. 54 Replication of the present work with different degrees of rotation or other adaptation paradigms (e.g., gradual rotation and clamped feedback) that can dissociate explicit and implicit processes will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of beneficial effects of novelty exposure on motor performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task

Ruitenberg

Koppelmans

Seidler

et al. 2021

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Active exploration of novel spatial environments enhances memory for subsequently presented explicit, declarative information in humans. These effects have been attributed to novelty promoting dopamine release via mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in the brain. As procedural motor learning has been linked to dopamine as well, we predict that novelty effects extend to this domain. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined whether spatial novelty exploration benefits subsequent sensorimotor adaptation. Participants explored either two different virtual environments (i.e., novelty condition; n = 210) or two identical environments (i.e., familiar condition; n = 253). They then performed a manual adaptation task in which they had to adapt joystick movements to a visual perturbation. We assessed the rate of adaptation following the introduction of this perturbation, and the rate of deadaptation following its removal. While results showed reliable adaptation patterns and similar adaptation rates across both conditions, individuals in the novelty condition showed slower deadaptation. This suggests that exposure to spatial novelty induced stronger sensorimotor representations during adaptation, potentially through novelty-induced dopaminergic effects in mesocortical and/or nigrostriatal pathways. Novelty exposure may be employed to promote motor learning on tasks that require precision movements in altered sensory contexts, for example, in astronauts moving in microgravity or patients with impaired motor processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task

Ruitenberg

Koppelmans

Seidler

et al. 2021

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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show abstract

“…We also did not test for changes in explicit re-aiming. Although it is commonly assumed that explicit re-aiming and implicit recalibration sum up to the total adaptation, this may not be the case ( Kim et al, 2019 ; McDougle and Taylor, 2019 ; Maresch et al, 2020 , 2021 ). If it is not, explicit re-aiming could be affected by feedback duration without an observable change in implicit recalibration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Feedback Duration Does Not Affect Implicit Recalibration in a Visuomotor Rotation Task

Maresch

Donchin

2022

eNeuro

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Visuomotor rotations are frequently used to study cognitive processes underlying motor adaptation. Explicit aiming strategies and implicit recalibration are two of these processes. A large body of literature indicates that both processes are in fact dissociable and mainly independent components that can be measured using different manipulations in visuomotor rotation tasks. Visual feedback is a crucial element in these tasks, and it therefore plays an important role when assessing explicit re-aiming and implicit recalibration. For instance, researchers have found timing of visual feedback to affect the contribution of implicit recalibration to learning: if feedback is shown only at the end of the movement (instead of continuously), implicit recalibration decreases. Similarly, participants show lower levels of implicit recalibration if visual feedback is presented with a delay (instead of immediately). We thus hypothesized that the duration of feedback availability might also play a role. The goal of this study was thus to investigate the effect of longer versus shorter feedback durations on implicit recalibration in human participants. To this end, we compared three feedback durations in a between-subject design: 200, 600, and 1200 ms. Using a large sample size, we found differences between groups to be quite small, to the point where most differences indicated statistical equivalence between group means. We therefore hypothesize that feedback duration, when only endpoint feedback is presented, has a negligible effect on implicit recalibration. We propose that future research investigate the effect of feedback duration on other parameters of adaptation, so as proprioceptive recalibration and explicit re-aiming.

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“…Currently, the dominant approach for trial-by-trial assessment of the conscious/explicit component of motor learning in the reach adaptation paradigm is to ask participants to verbally/manually report their aiming direction prior to each reach (87,5,88). However, this approach suffers from the inherent problem of interfering in the learning system itself and hence biasing learning processes to be more "explicit" (89)(90)(91). Moreover, although this aim reporting method allows researchers to assay the contribution of explicit processes to net learning, it does not provide direct clues regarding the underlying cognitive processes driving the explicit process.…”

Section: How Can Pupil-linked Arousal Influence Motor Adaptation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupil diameter tracked during motor adaptation in humans

Yokoi

Weiler

2021

Preprint

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Research in reward-based decision-making showed that humans and animals dynamically modulate learning rate according to their belief about environmental change (volatility) and surprise about observation. Recent evidence also suggests that neuromodulator noradrenaline (NA) signals volatility and surprise. Despite the rich anatomical evidence suggesting the potential influence of NA on the motor system, it is still elusive how NA and volatility/surprise affect human motor learning. To address this issue, we ran a series of experiments in which we simultaneously tracked the pupil diameter, a non-invasive proxy for the central NA/arousal activity, during a short-term force-field reach adaptation paradigm. A sudden increase in error due to the force-field resulted in increased pupil dilation during movement followed by an elevated baseline diameter in the following trials. These online and offline pupil responses showed a consistent pattern with surprise and volatility simulated by a recent computational model which dynamically adjusts learning rate according to volatility estimated from experienced error (surprise). However, unlike the model's prediction, when participants experienced frequent reversals in force-field, the size of pupil responses rapidly diminished regardless of large errors induced by reversals. We further confirmed that the causal manipulation of participants' arousal by task-irrelevant auditory stimuli modulated the single-trial motor learning rate. Collectively, these results provide a compelling evidence that NA/arousal system acts as a common modulator of learning rate in both cognitive and motor domains. Rapid reduction in pupil responses at reversals suggests that error sensitivity for computing current environmental uncertainty and surprise is also highly dynamic.

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Measures of explicit and implicit in motor learning: what we know and what we don’t

Cited by 24 publications

References 123 publications

Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task

Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task

Prolonged Feedback Duration Does Not Affect Implicit Recalibration in a Visuomotor Rotation Task

Pupil diameter tracked during motor adaptation in humans

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