Measuring and Analyzing Write Amplification Characteristics of Solid State Disks

Sun, Hui; Qin, Xiao; Wu, Fei; Xie, Changsheng

doi:10.1109/mascots.2013.29

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Each garbage collection cycle first selects a victim block, copies valid data from the victim block to a new write block, and then erases the block. The ratio of total writes (by GC and user) to the user writes is called the Write Amplification Factor (WAF) [3]. A perfect SSD with no GC overhead has a WAF equal to 1, whereas common workloads exhibit WAFs of 2-4 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant Time Garbage Collection in SSDs

Salkhordeh

Kremer

Nagel

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS)

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The Flash Translation Layer (FTL) plays a crucial role for the performance and lifetime of SSDs. It has been difficult to evaluate different FTL strategies in real SSDs in the past, as the FTL has been deeply embedded into the SSD hardware. Recent host-based FTL architectures like ZNS now enable researchers to implement and evaluate new FTL strategies. In this paper, we evaluate the overhead of various garbage collection strategies using a host-side FTL, and show their performance limitations when scaling the SSD size or the number of outstanding requests. To address these limitations, we propose constant cost-benefit policy, which removes the scalability limitations of previous policies and can be efficiently deployed on host-based architectures. The experimental results show that our proposed policy significantly reduces the CPU overhead while having a comparable write amplification compared to the best previous policies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant Time Garbage Collection in SSDs

Salkhordeh

Kremer

Nagel

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS)

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show abstract

“…MB In the SSD, the read and write operations perform in a page unit. However, the erase operation performs in a block unit that includes the multiple page units [9]. When the erase operation executes, to erase a target page, other pages that are in the same block with the target page are moved to another block.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The uFLIP benchmark revisited for evaluating SSDs

Kang

Cha

et al. 2015

Int J Communication

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SUMMARYSolid-state drives (SSDs) provide higher bandwidth and lower access latency than hard disk drives (HDDs) and thus have been rapidly replacing HDDs. SSD manufacturers, which produce different types of SSDs, do not open their SSD architecture and control firmware in detail. To find the best SSD for a given application, it is necessary to compare and analyze the performances of different kinds of SSDs. A benchmark is widely used to analyze the storage devices performance. However, most existing benchmarks are mainly targeted for HDDs. The uFLIP (understanding Flash IO Patterns) is a benchmark proposed to consider flash devices' characteristics. In this paper, we first exploit the uFLIP benchmark to analyze and to evaluate the performances of different types of SSDs. Through extensive experiments, we have identified common SSD characteristics: (1) the input/output (IO) size and queue depth affect the parallelism that is an inherent characteristic in SSDs; (2) the size of SSDs access space considerably affects the SSDs performance. Then, via a series of experiments, we verify whether the uFLIP benchmark could correctly characterize applications by its micro-benchmarks. The results reveal that the performance of the uFLIP micro-benchmarks, produced to have features similar to that of a target application, is quite different from the performance of the target application.

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SRsim: A Simulator for SSD-Based RAID

Ahn

Lee

2016

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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Measuring and Analyzing Write Amplification Characteristics of Solid State Disks

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Constant Time Garbage Collection in SSDs

Constant Time Garbage Collection in SSDs

The uFLIP benchmark revisited for evaluating SSDs

SRsim: A Simulator for SSD-Based RAID

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