Measuring and mathematical modeling of cushion curves for polymeric foams

Tomin, Márton; Lengyel, Márton Áron; Párizs, Richárd Dominik; Kmetty, Ákos

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107837

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The internal skeleton of the material provides support, while the pores within the structure offer cushioning. The unique porous structure of these materials makes them highly suitable for extensive research in the field of energy absorption. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancellous Bone-like Polyurethane Foam: A Porous Material with Excellent Properties for Ultra-high Energy Absorption

Tan,

Cai,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Compared to osteoporotic bone, normal cancellous bone exhibits greater resistance to impact and energy absorption. The Gibson−Ashby model of cellular structure reveals that the enhancement is attributed to a unique combination of the thick wall and small pores in porous materials. Inspired by this design concept, here, a cancellous bone-like PU foam was developed through the planetary centrifugal mixing (PCM) method. Different from previously reported high energy absorption materials, this porous material possesses a thick-wall (average thickness of 33 μm) and micropore (average size of less than 55 μm) morphology. The enlarged SEM image revealed the presence of nanoscale dispersed conductive carbon blacks embedded within the thick walls in a primary aggregate state. Furthermore, the Raman spectrometer provided additional insights into the interaction between carbon black and the PU matrix. This unique morphology was achieved by the dual actions of centrifugal and tangential forces exerted by PCM, whereby challenges in efficient mixing and dispersion of highly viscous material were successfully overcome. The unique microstructure endows the foam with ultra-high compressive strength (yield strength of 17.0 MPa) and energy absorption capacity (12.19 MJ/m 3 ), which are comparable to polyimide foam (3.31 MJ/m 3 ) and many lattice composite structures (5−14.07 MJ/m 3 ) that are well known for their high energy absorption properties. In addition to the impressive energy absorption capacity, excellent comprehensive properties, such as antistatic property (an electrical conductivity of 0.346 S/m), a low thermal conductivity (0.0274 W/m•K), and fast heating responsiveness (increase by 40 °C within 180 s), are also obtained in this foam. In contrast to the complex and costly approaches in fabricating ultra-high energy absorption materials, this simple and cost-effective method opens up an attractive way in obtaining high energy absorption material with excellent comprehensive properties by a onestep PCM procedure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancellous Bone-like Polyurethane Foam: A Porous Material with Excellent Properties for Ultra-high Energy Absorption

Tan,

Cai,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…A recent interesting review soundly remarking on the importance of modeling in the design of foams was published by Rahimidehgolan and Altenhof in [21]. For the cushioning method, the effective use of modeling techniques is shown in [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Generic Model to Assess the Efficiency Analysis of Cellular Foams

Avalle

2024

Materials

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One of the main types of uses of cellular materials is for energy absorption and dissipation in applications, such as safety and packaging, to protect people and goods during impact situations. In such cases, the use of cellular materials is justified by their capacity to largely deform under limited loads. This is often achieved, alone or within energy absorbing structures, with the additional advantage of cheap components that are relatively simple to manufacture and assemble. As in most engineering applications, weight reduction is sought after and, as in the case of other materials, this objective can be attained by optimizing the use of the material. Optimization of a cellular material for energy absorption means obtaining an optimal mechanical characteristic that can be obtained by properly designing it in terms of the type of base material and cell properties. Cell properties are mainly related to density and their optimal selection can be made by means of energy criteria. The aim of the present paper is to discuss such optimality criteria based on what are termed efficiency diagrams to produce an effective design tool. Additionally, based on empiric observations on the behavior of several classes of polymeric foams, a simplified selection method is proposed to hasten the selection criteria.

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“…G level is plotted on the vertical axis versus static loading (weight divided by contact area) on the horizontal axis. 17 It represents relationships among the drop heights, the fragility of the product, the cushion foam's thickness, and static stress. However, it takes a lot of laboratory time and experimental cost to generate all the curve information, although its application can protect the products from shock and vibration to a certain extent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cushion curves are graphical representations of a cushion material's ability to limit the transmission of shock (called G level) to a product. G level is plotted on the vertical axis versus static loading (weight divided by contact area) on the horizontal axis 17 . It represents relationships among the drop heights, the fragility of the product, the cushion foam's thickness, and static stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cushioning properties and application of expanded polystyrene for a dynamic nonlinear system

Huang

Shi

2023

Engineering Reports

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To explore the cushioning properties of expanded polystyrene (EPS), a novel two‐degree‐of‐freedom mathematical model is proposed with a dynamic nonlinear system and successfully implemented it. The maximum response acceleration of the product was first determined in the novel dynamic mathematical model and used as a parameter for evaluating product damage. Furthermore, a drop test was carried out to verify the theoretical model and showed good consistency. Based on the correct theoretical model, a number of simulations with different drop heights and thicknesses of the cushion were done to investigate cushioning properties of EPS. The results show that EPS can reduce the maximum response acceleration of the product by more than 20% of the excitation acceleration. Thus, EPS has good cushioning ability and can be used as packaging material to protect products. Finally, the theoretical model was applied to an example application. A new method for constructing the cushioning curve is recommended, which could replace the traditional ASTM D 1596 drop test method.

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Measuring and mathematical modeling of cushion curves for polymeric foams

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Cancellous Bone-like Polyurethane Foam: A Porous Material with Excellent Properties for Ultra-high Energy Absorption

Cancellous Bone-like Polyurethane Foam: A Porous Material with Excellent Properties for Ultra-high Energy Absorption

A Generic Model to Assess the Efficiency Analysis of Cellular Foams

Cushioning properties and application of expanded polystyrene for a dynamic nonlinear system

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