Measuring Asean Rice Non-tariff Measures (NTMS) and its Impact on Indonesian Food (Rice) Security

Hermawan, Iwan

doi:10.2991/icame-18.2019.37

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Results depicts that increase of 1% in Chinese GDP brings to increase in its import by 1.402%. This result is similar to Thuong (2017), Santos- Silva and Tenreyro (2006), Hermawan (2019), and Kareem et al (2016). The same pattern of coefficients exits in the all 4 groups of the high, upper middle, lower middle, and lower income partners (cited in Table 5).…”

Section: Results Of Estimations and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on Imports of China with Partner Countries

Mustafa¹

2022

JDSS

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The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of initiation of SPS and TBT by China for its import, during 1995 to 2018. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement and Technical Barrier to Trade by the World Trade Organization have restricted the Chinese trade. In general, it is perceived that non-tariff measure barricade trade. Using the PPML estimation process to manage the zero import flow, and overdispersion in data of China depend on the gravity model. Results witness that GDP of China and partners, tariff, exchange rate, and distance are core determinants; SPS and TBT initiated and levied by China have affected imports from the WTO members. Results states that China has initiated SPS and TBT, hence country has experienced lower imports. The study also depicts comparative analysis of Chines initiated SPS and TBT effects on import from the high income, upper middle, lower middle, and low income countries. SPS and TBT are equally good as tariff, but China should focus more on NTMs because tariff would decline gradually in WTO regime.

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Section: Results Of Estimations and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This shows that the increase in distance increases the cost of transportation. The results are in line with Hermawan (2019), Siyakiya (2017), Dong andZhu (2015), andFontagne et al (2016). Similar trend exits in other 4 groups with diversity in significance levels and cited in Table 5.…”

Section: Results Of Estimations and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on Imports of China with Partner Countries

Mustafa¹

2022

JDSS

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“…It is explained as farther the distance the larger is the cost of transportation. In general, this result is in line with the research results derived by Fontagne, et al (2016), Dong and Zhu (2015), Siyakiya (2017), andHermawan (2019). The same pattern (coefficient signs) prevails in the rest of the four classified groups, but with different significant levels, as shown in Table 7.…”

Section: Estimation Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Estimating the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade in WTO Regime: The Case of Pakistan

Mustafa¹,

Padda²,

Safdar³

2021

NJSSH

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Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed world trade patterns; generally, it is conceptualized as non-tariff barrier which impedes trade. In this study, impact of TBT on imports of Pakistan has been estimated. This paper explores how TBT affects import of Pakistan from its trade partner using PPML estimation method to handle zero trade flows and overdispersion of data of Pakistan’s import, based on gravity model. The findings depict that GDP of Pakistan and partners, exchange rate, tariff, distance, and contiguity are vital factors; along with TBT cases initiated by Pakistan have also impacted import from WTO members. The results suggest that Pakistan-initiated TBT and tariff have experienced lower import volume, hence they can be used to administer its ever-increasing trade deficit. The study also presents comparative analysis of TBT and tariff impacts on imports from high income, upper middle, lower middle, and lower income countries as classified by the World Bank.

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“…In addition, the increase in tariffs also affected reducing real household income, preventing consumers from shifting to a more diverse and higher quality diet, which decreased the utilization pillar. One of the indicators of the decline in the utilization pillar is the increase in the prevalence of stunting in Southeast Asia [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Trade Openness, Tariff, and Globalization on Food Security in the ASEAN Region

Huda

2024

KSS

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In 2023, many crises hit the world due to heated geopolitical conditions resulting from the war in Russia and Ukraine; the world situation was fragmented because of competition between the USA and PRC blocs, economic recovery due to COVID-19 was shaken again, and food inflation was soaring high. The leading cause of food insecurity in ASEAN, which consists of most developing countries, is the lack of distribution access due to the affordability of logistics and food supplies. Most investors shift their investment preferences from the primary sector to manufacturing due to the volatility and high risk of assets. In 2020, in Asia, there were 78.7 million toddlers who were stunted, with the second majority in Southeast Asia (27.40%). Although most of the ASEAN member countries are connected geographically, the market share of ASEAN member countries in world trade is only 8.8%, so intra-trade relations are considered not optimal enough. This study aims to analyze the effect of three different trade openness indicators (trade openness, tariffs, and globalization) on the food security of Southeast Asian people in 2000–2021. The method used in this research is panel data, which combines pool least squares (PLS) and fixed effect models (FEM) by developing Beck and Katz’s two panels corrected standard errors (PCSE): cross-section weights and SUR. Trade openness significantly affects the two pillars of food security: stability and utilization, with U-shaped results. Ad-valorem tariffs are significant and positive for the two pillars of food security: availability and utilization. Increasing taxes in Southeast Asia can improve the average dietary energy supply’s adequacy; however, this can also increase the prevalence of stunting in children under five. It happens because the availability of abundant food in terms of quantity differs from the quality and safety of its consumption. The increase in globalization from an economic, political, and social perspective in Southeast Asia is significant for the four pillars of food security; if globalization is increased, then this can positively impact reducing cases of stunting and malnutrition; on the other hand, increasing globalization has harmed food availability and stability. Increasing one policy has a different impact. In the first stage, policy improvements can positively impact a pillar of food security. However, after reaching a turning point, there is a possibility that the increased policy will harm the other pillars. Therefore, it is necessary to choose an integrative policy trade-off and be able to solve problems better. This study suggests several main policy implications, namely building a more assertive trade policy based on the WTO and food safety technical rules that comply with WHO rules, increasing intra-trade within the ASEAN group, maintaining food price stability, encouraging investment in agriculture, promoting governance reforms, and strengthening the regional food security system in terms of production, consumption, and distribution. Support policies are also needed regarding solid prevention efforts against stunting and malnutrition and digitalization (Agritech 4.0), which supports food availability. In addition, this research also suggests that ASEAN can continue to increase domestic food production for resilience to the global crisis. Keywords: trade openness, tariff, globalization, food security, ASEAN, dynamic panel

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Measuring Asean Rice Non-tariff Measures (NTMS) and its Impact on Indonesian Food (Rice) Security

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on Imports of China with Partner Countries

The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on Imports of China with Partner Countries

Estimating the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade in WTO Regime: The Case of Pakistan

The Impact of Trade Openness, Tariff, and Globalization on Food Security in the ASEAN Region

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