Measuring attenuation in signal propagation in Resistive-Plate Chambers

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are widely used in high-energy collider experiments as muon detectors, such as the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Conventionally, perpendicular strips are placed on both sides of the RPC chamber to measure the position in 2 dimensions. In recent years, a new design is introduced and applied in the double-gaps RPC successfully by the CMS RPC group. This is the double-end readout method. In this paper, this design is applied to RPC with single gas gap and studied precisely. The hit position along the strips is reconstructed with the difference in the Time-of-Arrival (TOA) measured at the two ends. The spatial resolution is measured to be around 1 cm. This novel method simplifies the detector structure and reduces the thickness and the number of the electronics channels, which is particularly appealing for applications with stringent space limit. As additional advantages, in this paper we also investigate ways to reduce the noise and to improve on the time resolution using the double-end readout method.

Section: Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 60%

Double-end Readout Method Applied in RPC

Li¹,

Xie²,

Sun³

et al. 2021

“…This limit obstructs the TOT measurement in the HEP experiment. For instance, the width of a typical RPC inductive signal is 3.4 ns [22] which is narrower than the double hit resolution of V1190. For our TDC, the readout logic is custom-made for the TOT measurement: the encoding module stores the time stamp of both the leading edge and the trailing edge of the input signal.…”

Section: Tot Dynamic Rangementioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, its double hit resolution is 5 ns, which means that the hit signal with a TOT smaller than 5 ns cannot be measured by V1190. However, the typical width of the RPC inductive signal is 3.4 ns [22]. In addition, the triggering logic of the device is not sufficiently flexible, and its online data processing capability is relatively limited.…”

Section: Jinst 18 T02007mentioning

confidence: 99%

A 128-channel time-to-digital converter based on the 24-phase shift-clock sampling method for RPC

Xue

Liang

et al. 2023

The Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) are widely used in high energy physics (HEP) experiments. In recent years, new designs and application scenarios of RPCs abound, and an advanced time-to-digital converter (TDC) system is in demand. The TDC implemented in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is widely used in HEP experiments with changeable conditions as a flexible time measurement method. This article presents a multi-phase shift-clock sampling FPGA-based TDC with 128 channels. The TDC module is implemented in a Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA. The sampling clock period (2.22 ns) is subdivided into 24 phases to achieve finer time resolution. The TDC performance measurements show that the root-mean-square (RMS) time resolution of the TDC module in the time interval measurement is 45.3 ∼ 57.7 ps, and the integral nonlinearity (INL) is smaller than 0.2368 least significant bit (LSB). In addition, some target designs are made to adapt to the application scenarios. This article also shows measurement results acquired from an RPC by this TDC. This TDC was used to measure the RPC efficiency plateau and the TOT of the RPC readout signal.

“…Two 40-cm-long and 20-cm-wide scintillators, coupled to PMTs, located above and below the RPCs and at a mutual distance of 1.5 m, provide trigger signals. The maximum signal propagation distance is 0.5 m to minimise signal attenuation [11]. Lead bricks above the bottom scintillator cover the trigger area to filter cosmic pions.…”

Section: Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the channel of each RPC containing the largest signal, the waveforms of the other channels are set to zero. Furthermore, the portions of the waveforms of the fired channels beyond ±2 ns of the peaks are also set to zero to reduce background noise, considering that the FWHM of RPC signals is around 1.5 ns [11]. The waveforms of the four channels connected to the same RPC are concatenated in an 80-ns-long sequence composed by 800 points, given the 10 GS/s sampling rate.…”

Section: Dataset and Data Augmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A data-based machine learning approach for RPC time resolution study based on ToF reconstruction

Xie¹,

Xu²,

Li³

et al. 2021

Self Cite

A data-based machine learning approach is proposed to study the properties of time resolution of RPC detectors by measuring the time of flight of cosmic muons. This method utilises a multi-layer perceptron and a type of recurrent neural network called long short-term memory. The neural network is trained with the waveforms of RPC signals digitized by an oscilloscope at a sampling frequency of 10 GHz and a 2 GHz bandwidth. A data augmentation approach is implemented for labelling. Compared to the results from conventional waveform analysis, this approach achieves a better time resolution of 1-mm gap RPCs. Based on the data, the approach has a generalisation capacity for performance studies of other timing detectors.