Measuring COVID-19 as Traumatic Stress: Initial Psychometrics and Validation

Kira, Ibrahim A.; Shuwiekh, Hanaa; Rice, Kenneth G.; Ashby, Jeffrey S.; Elwakeel, Sayed Ahmed; Sous, Mariam Sous Fahmy; Alhuwailah, Amthal; Baali, Shadia Bint Ali; Azdaou, Chafika; Oliemat, Enas. M.; Jamil, Hikmet

doi:10.1080/15325024.2020.1790160

Cited by 96 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This study shows that 52.6% of the members of the FFAA, FFCCSSE, and FFCCS feel that they may need psychological help if they enter a new wave of the pandemic, more than those who said they needed it during the most critical months of the pandemic, 26.4%, a sign of the vulnerability that these workers manifest; 88.2% believe that workplaces should offer psychological or psychiatric treatment. Studies in other countries have reached the same conclusion regarding the need for psychological intervention [ 35 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain

Lázaro-Pérez

Martínez-López

Galán

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which produces COVID-19 disease, has revealed to political and social circles a series of needs that have not yet been met. The workers of the State Security Forces and the Armed Forces have done an extraordinary job to try to alleviate the effects that the pandemic has had on the population and to return stability to the citizenry as much as possible. In this context, the following investigation is developed based on two objectives: (PO1) to know the level of anxiety in the face of death in these professionals; (PO2) to determine the predictive variables in the above-mentioned phenomenon. Professionals from all over Spain have participated in the study (n = 2079). From a quantitative perspective, a questionnaire was developed from the Collet–Lester death anxiety scale. The results show a total level of 69.2% in the scale, as well as some higher levels about the fear of death of others (82.1%) and the fear of the process of dying of others (78.2%). On the other hand, from the binary logistic regressions, four variables are evidenced that condition the risk of suffering death anxiety: (a) certainty of needing psychological treatment in the future; (b) absence of Individual Protection Equipment (PPE); (c) high levels of Emotional Exhaustion; (d) high levels of depersonalization—these last two come from the Maslach and Jackson Burnout scale. These data show a need for training and intervention in the emotional and psychological demands of the professionals of the Armed Forces and State Security Forces, as well as the obligation to develop a continuous dialogue with the institutions they represent to foster the feeling of belonging to them. It is essential, regardless of the serious consequences that the virus has caused, to understand the psychosocial and emotional demands of enforcement agents and to improve their occupational health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain

Lázaro-Pérez

Martínez-López

Galán

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…"Over the past two weeks, I have felt socially isolated as a result of the coronavirus." In the initial study (Kira, Shuwiekh, Rice, et al, 2020), the scale showed good construct convergent-divergent and predictive validity. In the current study, the scale had an alpha of .93.…”

Section: Covid-19 Traumatic Stress Scalementioning

confidence: 94%

“…COVID-19 traumatic stress scale is a 12-item scale including three subscales (1) "threat/fear of the present and future infection and death" (5 items), (2)"traumatic economic stress" (4 items), and (3) "isolation and disturbed routines" (3 items). Items are scored on 5 points scale, with (1) indicating not at all and (5) very much (Kira, Shuwiekh, Rice, et al, 2020).…”

Section: Covid-19 Traumatic Stress Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are replicated evidence on the effects of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders (as outcomes of traumas) on executive functions (for meta-analysis, see Polak et al, 2012). The current study's goal is to test the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 traumatic stress and its three previously identified components (fears, economic, and social) (Kira, Shuwiekh, Rice, et al, 2020) on working memory and inhibition deficits.…”

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confidence: 98%

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The Effects of COVID-19 Traumatic Stress on Executive Functions: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Kira

Alpay

Turkeli

et al. 2021

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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The COVID-19 virus has a neuropsychiatric impact, including mild cognitive impairment. Most severe traumas negatively impact executive functions. However, the impact of COVID-19 trauma on cognition is unknown. To test the effects of COVID-19 traumatic stress on executive functions, we surveyed 417 Syrian refugees using measures for COVID-19 traumatic stress, executive functions, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Using step multiple regression and PROCESS mediation analysis, COVID-19 traumatic stress and its three fears, economic and social components, directly and indirectly, affect increased working memory and inhibition deficits via PTSD and depression. We discussed the conceptual and clinical implications of the results.

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“…In response to this concern, some COVID-19 related measures have been developed. These include the Fear of COVID scale (FCV-19S;Ahorsu et al, 2020), COVID Stress Scale (CSS; Taylor et al, 2020), and COVID as Traumatic Stress Scale (Kira et al, 2020). The only anxiety measure developed is the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS; S. A. Lee, 2020), a five-item measure of COVID-19-related anxiety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11): development and initial validation

et al. 2020

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The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will increase as the outbreak continues and persist even after the pandemic passes. We developed an 11-item Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11) to measure symptoms of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic to help identify individuals who might need mental health services. In developing the scale items, we considered previous research and theory on anxiety symptoms and symptoms reported by clinically referred cases in the Philippines. The scale was validated in a Filipino sample ( N = 925). Exploratory factor analysis indicated two factors corresponding to somatic and non-somatic symptoms; confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit for the two-factor model. CPAS-11 showed good internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and screening accuracy. A cutoff score of 15 showed adequate sensitivity and specificity to distinguish GAD-7 screened participants. The results support the viability of CPAS-11 as a screening tool to identify individuals experiencing COVID-19-related anxiety.

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Measuring COVID-19 as Traumatic Stress: Initial Psychometrics and Validation

Cited by 96 publications

References 24 publications

COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain

COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain

The Effects of COVID-19 Traumatic Stress on Executive Functions: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11): development and initial validation

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