Measuring dependence in smokeless tobacco users

Boyle, Raymond G.; Jensen, Joni; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Severson, Herbert H.

doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00013-3

Cited by 75 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Potential scores on the MFST range from 0 to 10 with higher scores reflecting greater smokeless tobacco dependence. Although reported coefficient alphas for the MFST are relatively low (e.g., .55, .51) (Boyle et al, 1995), such results are sometimes found among nicotine dependence scales (Lichtenstein & Mermelstein, 1986).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

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The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students

McChargue

Cohen

Cook

2004

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Many clinicians and researchers hypothesize that tobacco use disorders, regardless of the route of administration, are maintained by the ability of nicotine to regulate positive and negative mood states. The present study (N~137) examined whether certain mood states predicted dependence on either cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and whether specific personality characteristics (e.g., extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism) mediated these relationships among young male college students. Results indicated that positive and negative moods predicted cigarette dependence (p values~.01) and that neuroticism partially mediated the relationship between positive affect and cigarette dependence. Exploratory analyses revealed that positive affect also interacted with neuroticism to predict smokeless tobacco dependence (p~.04). Simple effects analyses revealed that this relationship was maintained only among individuals high in neuroticism. Results suggested that dependence on cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among male college students may have different affective correlates and that certain personality characteristics may enhance and explain the effects of mood on tobacco dependence.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Smokeless tobacco dependence was measured via a Modified FTND for Smokeless Tobacco Users (MFST; Boyle, Jensen, Hatsukami, & Severson, 1995). The MFST examines five items that assess patterns of smokeless tobacco use, ability to refrain from smokeless tobacco, and the rate of smokeless tobacco use.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students

McChargue

Cohen

Cook

2004

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…Overall, most ST users in our study used dip exclusively or both dip and chewing tobacco (40% each); used ST on at least 5 days in the past week; used Copenhagen, a brand of ST offering a high level of bioavailable nicotine (Hoffmann et al, 1995); and used ST within 30 min of waking, suggesting nicotine dependence (Boyle, Jensen, Hatsukami, & Severson, 1995;Ebbert, Patten, & Schroeder, 2006). The mean age ST users reported first having tried ST was 12.1 years, and the mean age they began regular ST use was 13.5 years (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless tobacco cessation cluster randomized trial with rural high school males: Intervention interaction with baseline smoking

Walsh

Langer

Kavanagh

et al. 2010

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Methods Study design, power analysis, and eligibilityThis stratified randomized controlled trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco. Given a two-sided alpha = .05 chi-square test adjusted for clustering within high schools with an intracluster correlation of .02, a total sample size of 40 high schools each with an average enrollment of 150 male ST users was estimated to be needed to provide 90% power to detect a significant difference AbstractIntroduction: Adolescent males in rural areas use smokeless tobacco (ST). We assessed the efficacy of a school-based nursedirected ST intervention among rural high school males.Methods: Study high schools were randomly selected from a public high school list of California rural counties. Consenting high schools were stratified by school size and randomly assigned within strata to intervention or no-intervention groups. After gaining parental consent, male students completed baseline and 1-year follow-up questionnaires. The intervention included peer-led educational sessions and an oral exam by the school nurse who also provided brief tobacco cessation counseling. We used binary generalized estimating equation (GEE) models accounting for clustering within schools to test no difference between groups after adjusting for year in high school using both completers only and multiple imputation for those lost to follow-up. Subgroup analyses assessed Baseline Factor × Group interaction in GEE models.Results: Twenty-one rural counties (72%), 41 randomly selected high schools (56%), and 4,731 male students (50%) participated with 65% retention. Nonsmoking ST users in the intervention group were significantly more likely to stop using ST at follow-up than those in the no-intervention group; there was no intervention effect among baseline ST users who also smoked. A higher percentage of baseline nonsmoking ST users reported smoking at follow-up than baseline non-ST-using smokers who reported using ST.Discussion: A school-based nurse-directed ST cessation program was efficacious among rural nonsmoking ST-using high school males. The potential program reach holds significant public health value. Baseline ST use facilitated smoking at follow-up.

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“…Severity of nicotine dependence was measured in smokers using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) 16 and the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire for Smokeless Tobacco (FTQ-ST) was used for ST users. 17,18 For non-users, lifetime tobacco use was assessed. A baseline urine sample was collected to biochemically confirm self-reported tobacco use status.…”

Section: Baseline Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Exposure to Carcinogens With Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Phase 1 MAW Study Findings

Flanagan

Koller

Wolfe

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction: The high prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use during pregnancy in Alaska Native (AN) women is concerning due to the detrimental effects of these products to the mother and the developing fetus. We sought to correlate maternal cotinine levels with fetal exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen to incorporate in a biomarker feedback intervention to motivate tobacco cessation during pregnancy. Methods: Demographic and tobacco use data were collected from a convenience sample of pregnant AN smokers, ST users, and non-users. Maternal and neonatal urine were collected at delivery. Maternal urine cotinine and neonatal urine total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, a tobacco-specific carcinogen) levels in smokers and ST users were analyzed and their correlations determined by Spearman correlation coefficients. Results: During 2012-2014, we enrolled 64 non-users, 54 smokers, and 30 ST (20 homemade iqmik; 10 commercial ST) users (n = 148). Analyses of paired maternal-infant urine samples obtained for 36 smokers demonstrated a moderate to strong correlation (r = 0.73, P < .001) between maternal cotinine and infant NNAL levels. The correlation was not significant for 25 iqmik users (r = 0.36, P = .17) or 9 commercial ST users (r = 0.60, P = .09). No analysis was conducted for 55 non-users with cotinine and NNAL levels < limits of quantification. Conclusions: There is a moderate to strong correlation between maternal smoking and fetal exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen NNAL. Implications: The correlation between maternal smoking and fetal carcinogen exposure may provide an education tool to help motivate smoking cessation among pregnant AN women. Further investigation is warranted to determine correlations between maternal commercial ST and iqmik use and neonatal NNAL.

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Measuring dependence in smokeless tobacco users

Cited by 75 publications

References 14 publications

The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students

The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students

Smokeless tobacco cessation cluster randomized trial with rural high school males: Intervention interaction with baseline smoking

Fetal Exposure to Carcinogens With Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Phase 1 MAW Study Findings

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