Measuring Engineering Properties of Soil

Wray, Warrey K.; Long, Richard P.

doi:10.1115/1.3225899

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Field measurement techniques, such as the Torvane and pocket penetrometer, may be appropriate for rapid assessments of unvegetated bank strength, but sample too small a surface (on the scale of 1 cm 2 ) to capture the effect of roots. Other in-situ techniques, such as hydraulic penetrometers and oversized shear boxes, lack portability and can cause levels of soil disturbance that are unacceptable in wilderness areas (Abe and Iwamoto, 1985;Wray, 1986). Trial runs using a conventional laboratory ASTM shear box proved this technique impracticable: it was difficult to cut a sample cube (approximately 125 cm 3 ) without significantly disturbing the root and soil structure, and the limited shear displacement length of the device was insufficient to cause failure.…”

Section: Bank Strength Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics

Micheli

Kirchner

2002

Earth Surf Processes Landf

174

127

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We measured the effect of wet meadow vegetation on the bank strength and failure mechanics of a meandering montane meadow stream, the South Fork of the Kern River at Monache Meadow, in California's Sierra Nevada. Streambanks colonized by 'wet' graminoid meadow vegetation were on average five times stronger than those colonized by 'dry' xeric meadow and scrub vegetation. Our measurements show that strength is correlated with vegetation density indicators, including stem counts, standing biomass per unit area, and the ratio of root mass to soil mass. Rushes appear better than sedges at stabilizing coarse bar surfaces, while sedges are far more effective at stabilizing actively eroding cut banks.Wet meadow floodplain vegetation creates a composite cut bank configuration (a cohesive layer overlying cohesionless materials) that erodes via cantilever failure. Field measurements and a geotechnical model of cantilever stability show that by increasing bank strength, wet meadow vegetation increases the thickness, width, and cohesiveness of a bank cantilever, which, in turn, increases the amount of time required to undermine, detach, and remove bank failure blocks. At Monache Meadow, it takes approximately four years to produce and remove a 1 m wide wet meadow bank block. Wet meadow vegetation limits bank migration rates by increasing bank strength, altering bank failure modes, and reducing bank failure frequency.

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Section: Bank Strength Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No heavy machinery is required. The applied torque can be measured using a calibrated torque wrench or a spring scale and can then be converted to a shear strength value (Wray, 1986: Richards, 1988.…”

Section: Bank Strength Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics

Micheli

Kirchner

2002

Earth Surf Processes Landf

174

127

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“…Cation exchange capacity values were obtained by first saturating the exchange sites with sodium cations, followed by extraction of the sodium with a solution of ammonium acetate (Rhoades, 1982). Wray (1986) describes methods used to determine the soil particle size distribution. Based on classification of the particle size distribution, the Slaughterville soil is a sandy loam, the Teller soil is a loam, the Hoytville soil is a silty clay, and the Paulding soil is a silty clay.…”

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate Mobility Under Unsaturated Flow Conditions in Four Initially Dry Soils

Allred¹,

Brown

Bigham

2007

Soil Science

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“…The sands utilized in the models all are given the Unified Soil Classification of "poorly graded sand", symbol SP (USCS classification, Wray, 1986). The grain size analysis curves for the sands, illustrating grading differences, are shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Figure 1-lateral-flow Sand-filter Field Installation Showingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lateral‐flow sand‐filter system for septic‐tank effluent treatment

Check¹,

Waller²,

Lee³

et al. 1994

Water Environment Research

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The lateral-flow sand filter (LFSF) is an alternative system for household septic-tank effluent treatment that utilizes periodic or continuous surface discharge. The purpose of this study was to document the LFSF system, evaluate its treatment capabilities in laboratory models, and optimize design parameters. Three 5.0-meter-long laboratory models, each with a different permeability sand fill, were dosed with septic-tank effluent for six months. After an initial development period, percentage removals for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, and coliform bacteria from all the models were excellent. Orthophosphate initially was attenuated but showed increasing values after a few months. Recommendations are made as to a suitable permeability range of sand fills to use in the LFSF system, adequate depth of sand fill and overall system dimensions. Laboratory modeling shows that the LFSF system is capable of providing a high level of treatment to household wastewater and that it should be suitable as a remedial or alternative system for household wastewater disposal. Water Environ. Res., 66,919 (1994).

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Measuring Engineering Properties of Soil

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics

Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics

Nitrate Mobility Under Unsaturated Flow Conditions in Four Initially Dry Soils

The lateral‐flow sand‐filter system for septic‐tank effluent treatment

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