Measuring generalised expectancies for negative mood regulation in China: The Chinese language Negative Mood Regulation scale

Abstract

Negative mood regulation expectancies (NMRE) represent people's confidence that they can alleviate their negative affect or induce a positive emotional state through thought or action. NMRE predict coping behaviour and mood outcomes for individuals under stress. Since 1990, much research documents the reliability and validity of the English language Negative Mood Regulation (NMR) scale as a measure of NMRE. The current research reports two studies developing a Chinese language translation of the NMR (NMR-C) scale that goes beyond literal translation to be a culturally sensitive measure of NMRE in China. In Study 1, 713 college students from both a major city and a rural setting in China were surveyed. Data support the resulting 32-item NMR-C's reliability (alpha = .88) and validity. The NMR-C showed both direct and indirect links to depression and anxiety; coping mediated the indirect effect. In Study 2, 331 prison police officers in three Chinese provinces participated. NMRE buffered the effect of high role pressure, moderating the relationship between prison police role stress and job engagement. Results of the two studies support the reliability and validity of the Chinese language NMR scale and parallel results found with measures of NMRE in the West and in other Asian countries.

Development of Computerized Adaptive Testing for Emotion Regulation

“…Drawing on the findings from prior studies, the 154 items from six frequently employed Chinese-versions of self-report ER measures were used to build the initial CAT-ER item bank ( Table 2). The ER measures used in this study included the DERS (Li and Wu, 2018), TMMS (Li et al, 2002), RESE (Wen et al, 2009), ERQ (Li and Wu, 2018), CERQ (Zhu et al, 2008), and NMR (Wang et al, 2017). Example items of the DERS are "I am clear about my feelings" and "When I'm upset, I believe my emotions are valid and important."…”

Translation, cultural, adaptation and validity evidence of the negative mood regulation scale for the Brazilian context

“…The study for validity evidence of the original scale indicated adequate internal consistency, with a reliability coefficient ranging from .87 to .93 (Catanzaro & Mearns, 1990). Other translated and culturally adapted versions also presented evidence of adequate psychometric validity, with reliability coefficients between .88 and .93 (Backenstrass et al, 2010;Mearns et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2016;Pfeiffer et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2017). In addition, scale validity evidence studies conducted in different languages have reported construct validity evidence, based on associations with external variables.…”

“…The NMR-S scale has been used in different international studies, and has been reported as a relevant, empirically-based measure for evaluation of emotion regulation characteristics Gratz & Roemer, 2004;Weiss et al, 2015). The scale has already been translated into different languages, including German (Backenstrass et al, 2010), Spanish (Pfeiffer et al, 2012), Hebrew (Orbach et al, 2007), Korean (Mearns et al, 2013), Japanese (Mearns et al, 2016), Greek (Kanavou, 2019), Hindi (Dubey et al, 2013) and Chinese (Wang et al, 2017).…”

“…In addition, scale validity evidence studies conducted in different languages have reported construct validity evidence, based on associations with external variables. The results of such studies have indicated negative relationships between NMRE and measures of depression (Backenstrass et al, 2010;Catanzaro & Mearns, 1990;Mearns et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2016;Pfeiffer et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2017) and general psychopathological symptoms (Dubey et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2016), and positive relationships with internal locus of control (Catanzaro & Mearns, 1990;Mearns et al, 2013), with measures of emotion regulation (Backenstrass et al, 2010;Dubey et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2013;Pfeiffer et al, 2012) and with adaptive coping strategies (Backenstrass et al, 2010;Pfeiffer et al, 2012;Mearns et al, 2016).…”

“…The analyze of NMR-S cultural adaptation process shows that the NMR-S in German (Backenstrass et al, 2010) and Spanish (Pfeiffer et al, 2012) did not indicate the need for new items to be added to the original scale. Conversely, new items were added in the Asian adaptations (Korean, Hindi, Japanese and Chinese) and the Greek adaptation so that the instrument would contain mood regulation strategies commonly observed in these specific cultural contexts (Dubey et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2013;Mearns et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2017). This trend can be justified based on the understanding that although emotions are universal, they are not only biological, given that sociocultural differences are relevant to emotion management and construction of emotion beliefs (Ford & Gross, 2019;Lim, 2016).…”