Measuring Groundwater Flow Velocities near Drinking Water Extraction Wells in Unconsolidated Sediments

Abstract

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water in coastal regions with predominantly unconsolidated sediments. To protect and manage drinking water extraction wells in these regions, reliable estimates of groundwater flow velocities around well fields are of paramount importance. Such measurements help to identify the dynamics of the groundwater flow and its response to stresses, to optimize water resources management, and to calibrate groundwater flow models. In this article, we review approaches for measuring the relatively high groundwater flow velocity measurements near these wells. We discuss and review their potential and limitations for use in this environment. Environmental tracer measurements are found to be useful for regional scale estimates of groundwater flow velocities and directions, but their use is limited near drinking water extraction wells. Surface-based hydrogeophysical measurements can potentially provide insight into groundwater flow velocity patterns, although the depth is limited in large-scale measurement setups. Active-heating distributed temperature sensing (AH-DTS) provides direct measurements of in situ groundwater flow velocities and can monitor fluctuations in the high groundwater flow velocities near drinking water extraction wells. Combining geoelectrical measurements with AH-DTS shows the potential to estimate a 3D groundwater flow velocity distribution to fully identify groundwater flow towards drinking water extraction wells.

Estimating Groundwater Flow Velocity in Shallow Volcanic Aquifers of the Ethiopian Highlands Using a Geospatial Technique

“…Groundwater flow velocity estimation is important to understand the nature of aquifer productivity, the sustainability of groundwater resources, groundwater flow dynamics, engineering structures associated with groundwater, hydrogeochemical evolution and contaminant transport, groundwater responses to stress, optimizing water resources management and calibrating groundwater flow models [14]. The use of groundwater flow velocity provides essential information to predict the arrival times of contaminants, groundwater mixing, residence times and contaminant mass flux across boundaries at various aquifers and surface water bodies [15,16,65].…”

“…Groundwater flow velocity estimation is fundamentally important in hydrogeological studies for a variety of purposes, including monitoring and predicting contaminant movement and pluming from recharge to the discharge zone, estimating cleanup times, studying recharge, designing permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) and interpreting groundwater movement in regional aquifer systems [13]. Furthermore, measurements of groundwater flow velocity help to identify the dynamics of groundwater flow and its response to stress, optimize water resource management, calibrate groundwater flow and transport modeling and characterize engineering structures associated with groundwater [14]. With the increasing dependence on groundwater resources and geothermal resources, the measurement of groundwater flow velocity magnitude and groundwater flow direction is becoming more and more refined [15].…”