Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington, DC, and Denver, Colorado, during the winter of 1982-1983

Akland, Gerald; Hartwell, Tyler; Johnson, Troy A.; Whitmore, Roy

doi:10.1021/es00140a004

Cited by 101 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The first major environmental study to use continuous personal monitors was the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Washington-Denver carbon monoxide (CO) study. 13 For this study, participants recorded time activity information and wore monitors that recorded average CO concentrations in each microenvironment (as identified by the participant) and also every hour. This combination of data led to the identification of activities and microenvironments associated with higher CO concentrations (e.g., time spent in an indoor parking garage).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Continuous Nephelometer to Measure Personal Exposure to Particles During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno Panel Studies

Howard-Reed

Rea

Zufall

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In population exposure studies, personal exposure to PM is typically measured as a 12- to 24-hr integrated mass concentration. To better understand short-term variation in personal PM exposure, continuous (1-min averaging time) nephelometers were worn by 15 participants as part of two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) longitudinal PM exposure studies conducted in Baltimore County, MD, and Fresno, CA. Participants also wore inertial impactor samplers (24-hr integrated filter samples) and recorded their daily activities in 15-min intervals. In Baltimore, the nephelometers correlated well (R2 = 0.66) with the PM2.5 impactors. Time-series plots of personal nephelometer data showed each participant's PM exposure to consist of a series of peaks of relatively short duration. Activities corresponding to a significant instrument response included cooking, outdoor activities, transportation, laundry, cleaning, shopping, gardening, moving between microenvironments, and removing/putting on the instrument. On average, 63-66% of the daily PM exposure occurred indoors at home (about 2/3 of which occurred during waking hours), primarily due to the large amount of time spent in that location (an average of 72-77%). Although not a reference method for measuring mass concentration, the nephelometer did help identify PM sources and the relative contribution of those sources to an individual's personal exposure.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Continuous Nephelometer to Measure Personal Exposure to Particles During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno Panel Studies

Howard-Reed

Rea

Zufall

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In normal operation, as described by Akland et al, 19 Johnson, 20 and Hartwell et al, 21 the respondent carried the monitor throughout their daily activities, while filling out a written diary of each new activity and keeping a record of each button pressed. The monitor was set to display the time of day (LOG mode) rather than the concentration (CLOC mode), so the respondent was kept unaware of his or her current CO exposure.…”

Section: -23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autolmated Data-Logging Personal Exposure Monitors for Carbon Monoxide

Ott

Rodes

Drago

et al. 1986

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Personal samplers used in later studies have shown exposure levels of carbon monoxide to be much higher when compared to fixed site monitors [7][8][9]. Akland et al [7] have also shown high levels of pollutant exposures in certain commuter microenvironments even though time spent in them may be relatively low. Recent studies have indicated that vehiclerelated pollutants are highly concentrated immediately downwind from major roadways -pollutant concentrations decay from the edge of a roadway by as much as sixty percent at 100 m downwind, drops to near background levels at about 200 m, and are indistinguishable from background levels at 300 m [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Air pollution exposures in a city or rural area were earlier estimated from stationary air quality monitors located outdoors when personal or portable monitors were not developed [4,5]. Personal samplers used in later studies have shown exposure levels of carbon monoxide to be much higher when compared to fixed site monitors [7][8][9]. Akland et al [7] have also shown high levels of pollutant exposures in certain commuter microenvironments even though time spent in them may be relatively low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Two-Wheeler CO and PM10 Exposures Along Arterial Main Roads in Bangalore City, India

Sabapathy¹

2012

TOASCJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigated 2-wheeler exposures to CO and PM along six standardized arterial main road stretches in Bangalore city in India during morning peak (9:00-11:00) and afternoon non-peak hours (13:00-15:00) using personal samplers. Background levels on a local street carrying no traffic and away from main roads were also monitored to determine the actual contributions of vehicular traffic to exposure. Road stretches were selected to compare exposures on two types of routes - inner arterials and outer arterials with different built form characteristics. Results indicate that average background PM and CO concentrations were much lower than the respective averages of the 2-wheeler exposures as expected. While PM exposures for inner arterials were higher than for outer arterials (p=0.007), differences were much larger for CO (p<0.001). Since the average run speeds were comparable for the stretches, the variations in PM and CO could be attributed to different vehicular compositions and built form characteristics of the stretches, but this needs to be verified through further investigation. PM exposures during nonpeaks were lower than during morning peaks (p=0.02). However, CO exposures were not very different between non-peak hours and morning peak hours (p=0.138) despite comparable average run speeds and shows that even lower traffic volumes during non-peak hours result in high exposures. Results of various bivariate models indicate that average run speed is a good predictor of CO exposures (R=0.56) but is only a minor predictor of PM exposures (R=0.18) in Bangalore.

show abstract

Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington, DC, and Denver, Colorado, during the winter of 1982-1983

Cited by 101 publications

References 8 publications

Use of a Continuous Nephelometer to Measure Personal Exposure to Particles During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno Panel Studies

Use of a Continuous Nephelometer to Measure Personal Exposure to Particles During the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno Panel Studies

Autolmated Data-Logging Personal Exposure Monitors for Carbon Monoxide

An Assessment of Two-Wheeler CO and PM10 Exposures Along Arterial Main Roads in Bangalore City, India

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About