Measuring inter-pulse intervals in sperm whale clicks: Consistency of automatic estimation methods

Antunes, Ricardo; Rendell, Luke; Gordon, Jonathan

doi:10.1121/1.3327509

Cited by 19 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Sperm whales have been recorded off the US east coast [324][325][326][327][328], off Nova Scotia [329,330], around the Bahamas [331][332][333], around Bermuda [334], in the Caribbean [335][336][337][338][339], in the Gulf of Mexico [340][341][342][343], in Alaska [344][345][346][347][348], in the northeast Pacific [349], off Japan [350,351] around Hawaii [352], at the Galapagos Islands [173,353,354], at the Azores [355], off Scotland [356], off Norway [357][358][359][360][361], in the Mediterranean [362][363][364][365][366], in the South Pacific [367], in New Zealand [368][369]<...>…”

Section: Physeter Macrocephalus-sperm Whalementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Underwater and In-Air Sounds Emitted by Australian and Antarctic Marine Mammals

et al. 2017

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The study of marine soundscapes is a growing field of research. Recording hardware is becoming more accessible; there are a number of off-the-shelf autonomous recorders that can be deployed for months at a time; software analysis tools exist as shareware; raw or preprocessed recordings are freely and publicly available. However, what is missing are catalogues of commonly recorded sounds. Sounds related to geophysical events (e.g. earthquakes) and weather (e.g. wind and precipitation), to human activities (e.g. ships) and to marine animals (e.g. crustaceans, fish and marine mammals) commonly occur. Marine mammals are distributed throughout Australia's oceans and significantly contribute to the underwater soundscape. However, due to a lack of concurrent visual and passive acoustic observations, it is often not known which species produces which sounds. To aid in the analysis of Australian and Antarctic marine soundscape recordings, a literature review of the sounds made by marine mammals was undertaken. Frequency, duration and source level measurements are summarised and tabulated. In addition to the literature review, new marine mammal data are presented and include recordings from Australia of Omura's whales (Balaenoptera omurai), dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), long-finned pilot whales (G. melas), Fraser's dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) and spinner dolphins (S. longirostris), as well as the whistles and burst-pulse sounds of Australian pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata). To date, this is the most comprehensive acoustic summary for marine mammal species in Australian waters.

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Section: Physeter Macrocephalus-sperm Whalementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Underwater and In-Air Sounds Emitted by Australian and Antarctic Marine Mammals

et al. 2017

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“…To quantify the influence of these potential sources of IPI variation we use recordings of nine sperm whales from a well-studied community in the eastern Caribbean (Gero et al, 2014). Specifically, we test for differences caused by four potential sources of variation: (1) Three different analytical methods; envelope, cepstrum (Antunes et al, 2010), and cross-correlation (Goold, 1996); (2) two recording systems; we use a combination of commonly used recording technologies: array and SoundTrap (Ocean Instruments, NZ) recordings and animal-borne, sound recording Dtags (Johnson and Tyack, 2003); (3) time; we use recordings of the same whale on the same day and over longer time periods; and (4) the effect of depth. To do so, we calculated estimates of IPI for both echolocation and coda clicks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of the inter-pulse interval in sperm whale clicks with implications for size estimation and individual identification

Bøttcher

Gero

Beedholm

et al. 2018

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Sperm whales generate multi-pulsed clicks for echolocation and communication with an inter-pulse interval (IPI) determined by the size of their hypertrophied sound producing nose. The IPI has therefore been used to estimate body size and distinguish between individuals, and it has been hypothesized that conspecifics may use IPIs to recognize each other. However, the degree to which IPIs vary within individuals has not explicitly been tested, and therefore the inherent precision of this measure and its applicability for size estimation for researchers and sperm whales alike remain unknown. Here, the variability in IPI from both animal-borne Dtags and far-field recordings from echolocating and communicating sperm whales is quantified. Three different automatic methods (envelope, cepstrum, and cross-correlation) are tested and it is found that the envelope approach results in the least dispersion. Furthermore, it is shown that neither growth, depth, nor recording aspect fully explains the observed variability among clicks recorded from the same individual. It is proposed that dynamics in the soft structures of the nose are affecting IPIs, resulting in a variation of approximately 0.2 ms. Therefore, it is recommended that this variation be considered in IPI studies and that IPIs may have limited functionality as an identity cue among large groups of conspecifics.

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“…The IPI has been shown to correlate with the spermaceti length (Gordon, 1990;Rhinelander and Dawson, 2004) and with the overall body size (Antunes et al, 2010;Growcott et al, 2011; near broadside and 8.0 near endfire. Rectangular window was applied across the array aperture.…”

Section: B Inferring Sperm Whale Size From Ipismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each click exhibits a multi-pulse structure (Møhl, 2001;Norris and Harvey, 1972;Zimmer et al, 2004) arising from reflections of the acoustic signal generated by the phonic lips off the frontal and distal air sacs bounding the spermaceti organ of a sperm whale. The interpulse interval (IPI) provides a measure of the length of the spermaceti organ that has been shown to be strongly correlated with the size of a sperm whale individual (Antunes et al, 2010;Gordon, 1990;Growcott et al, 2011;Mathias et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2013;Rhinelander and Dawson, 2004;Teloni et al, 2007). Here we show that it is possible to distinguish and classify multiple vocalizing sperm whale individuals located in the far-field of a single, densely sampled, towed horizontal coherent hydrophone array system using the instantaneous sperm whale position estimates in both range and bearing, and the IPIs of the vocalized click signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a coherent hydrophone array for observing sperm whale range, classification, and shallow-water dive profiles

Tran

Huang

Bohn

et al. 2014

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Sperm whales in the New England continental shelf and slope were passively localized, in both range and bearing, and classified using a single low-frequency (<2500 Hz), densely sampled, towed horizontal coherent hydrophone array system. Whale bearings were estimated using time-domain beamforming that provided high coherent array gain in sperm whale click signal-to-noise ratio. Whale ranges from the receiver array center were estimated using the moving array triangulation technique from a sequence of whale bearing measurements. Multiple concurrently vocalizing sperm whales, in the far-field of the horizontal receiver array, were distinguished and classified based on their horizontal spatial locations and the inter-pulse intervals of their vocalized click signals. The dive profile was estimated for a sperm whale in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Maine with 160 m water-column depth located close to the array's near-field where depth estimation was feasible by employing time difference of arrival of the direct and multiply reflected click signals received on the horizontal array. By accounting for transmission loss modeled using an ocean waveguide-acoustic propagation model, the sperm whale detection range was found to exceed 60 km in low to moderate sea state conditions after coherent array processing.

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Measuring inter-pulse intervals in sperm whale clicks: Consistency of automatic estimation methods

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Review of Underwater and In-Air Sounds Emitted by Australian and Antarctic Marine Mammals

Review of Underwater and In-Air Sounds Emitted by Australian and Antarctic Marine Mammals

Variability of the inter-pulse interval in sperm whale clicks with implications for size estimation and individual identification

Using a coherent hydrophone array for observing sperm whale range, classification, and shallow-water dive profiles

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