Measuring metaldehyde in surface waters in the UK using two monitoring approaches

Castle, Glenn D.; Mills, Graham A.; Bakir, Adil; Gravell, Anthony; Schumacher, Melanie; Snow, Kate; Fones, Gary R.

doi:10.1039/c8em00180d

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The Oasis® HLB-L sorbent used as the receiving phase can sequester a wide range of semi-polar and polar compounds (Petrie et al 2016 ). This sorbent has been extensively used as receiving phase for both the polar Chemcatcher® and POCIS passive samplers (Petrie et al 2016 ; Castle et al 2018a , b ; Iparraguirre et al 2017 ; Magi et al 2018 ). It should be noted, however, that the HLB-L sorbent only has a limited capacity to efficiently extract highly ionic substances such as anionic (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa

Rimayi¹,

Chimuka

Gravell

et al. 2019

Environ Monit Assess

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Many rivers in urbanised catchments in South Africa are polluted by raw sewage and effluent to an extent that their ecological function has been severely impaired. The Hennops and Jukskei Rivers lying in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment are two of the worst impacted rivers in South Africa and are in need of rehabilitation. Passive sampling (Chemcatcher® with a HLB receiving phase) together with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry–targeted screening was used to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of a wide range of emerging pollutants in these urban waters. Over 200 compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs of abuse and their metabolites were identified. Many substances (~ 180) being detected for the first time in surface water in South Africa. General medicines and psychotropic drugs were the two most frequently detected groups in the catchment. These accounted for 49% of the emerging pollutants found. Of the general medicines, antihypertensive agents, beta-blocking and cardiac drugs were the most abundant (28%) classes detected. The Hennops site, downstream of a dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, was the most polluted with 123 substances detected. From the compounds detected, peak intensity–based prioritisation was used to identify the five most abundant pollutants, being in the order caffeine > lopinavir > sulfamethoxazole > cotinine > trimethoprim. This work provides the largest available high-quality dataset of emerging pollutants detected in South African urban waters. The data generated in this study provides a solid foundation for subsequent work to further characterise (suspect screening) and quantify (target analysis) these substances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10661-019-7515-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ion-exchange sorbents) could be used to overcome this issue (Townsend et al 2018 ). Methanol is a suitable extraction solvent and can recover ~ 100% of the sorbed analytes (Petrie et al 2016 ; Castle et al 2018a , b ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa

Rimayi¹,

Chimuka

Gravell

et al. 2019

Environ Monit Assess

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“…The high solubility and mobility of metaldehyde in water have caused it to be found in surface waters at levels above the European and UK standard limit of 0.1 μg L −1 for individual pesticides in drinking water [4,8]. Metaldehyde is not easily removed from water by conventional treatment processes and thus poses a challenge to water companies who abstract raw water from rivers and reservoirs to produce drinking water [9]. As part of an initial effort towards finding applications for marabu biochars in this study, batch adsorption experiments for metaldehyde removal from water were performed.…”

Section: Metaldehyde Removal From Water By Marabu Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

Idowu¹,

Fletcher²

2019

Bioenerg. Res.

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Marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) from Cuba and aspen (Populus tremula) from Britain are two rosid angiosperms that grow easily, as a weed and as a phytoremediator, respectively. As part of scientific efforts to valorise these species, their barks and woods were pyrolysed at 350, 450, 550 and 650°C, and the resulting biochars were characterised to determine the potential of the products for particular applications. Percentage carbon composition of the biochars generally increased with pyrolysis temperature, giving biochars with highest carbon contents at 650°C. Biochars produced from the core marabu and aspen wood sections had higher carbon contents (up to 85%) and BET surface areas (up to 381 m 2 g −1) than those produced from the barks. The biochar porous structures were predominantly mesoporous, while micropores were developed in marabu biochars produced at 650°C and aspen biochars produced above 550°C. Chemical and thermal activation of marabu carbon greatly enhanced its adsorption capacity for metaldehyde, a molluscicide that has been detected frequently in UK natural waters above the recommended EU limit.

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“…Over the trial, two independent sets of spot water samples were collected by the University of Portsmouth (weekly duplicates) and Affinity Water Ltd. (five samples collected during their routine water monitoring programme). Spot samples of water gathered in this study followed methods described by Castle et al ( 2018a ). Briefly, samples were collected into either plastic bottles (250 mL) (University of Portsmouth) or amber screw top glass bottles (40 mL) containing sodium thiosulphate solution (0.36% w / v , 0.25 mL) as preservative (Affinity Water Ltd.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These devices have been introduced as a method for providing more representative (e.g. time-weighted average [TWA]) concentrations of pollutants in water (Townsend et al 2018 ; Castle et al 2018a ). Passive samplers offer many advantages including low-cost, are non-mechanical, requiring no external energy source and can be deployed in a wide range of different field situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of different monitoring methods for the measurement of metaldehyde in surface waters

Castle

Mills²,

Gravell

et al. 2019

Environ Monit Assess

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Metaldehyde is recognised as an emerging contaminant. It is a powerful molluscicide and is the active compound in many types of slug pellets used for the protection of crops. The application of pellets to land generally takes place between August and December when slugs thrive. Due to its high use and physico-chemical properties, metaldehyde can be present in the aquatic environment at concentrations above the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 100 ng L−1 for a single pesticide. Such high concentrations are problematic when these waters are used in the production of drinking water. Being able to effectively monitor this pollutant of concern is important. We compared four different monitoring techniques (spot and automated bottle sampling, on-line gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and passive sampling) to estimate the concentration of metaldehyde. Trials were undertaken in the Mimmshall Brook catchment (Hertfordshire, UK) and in a feed in a drinking water treatment plant for differing periods between 17th October and 31st December 2017. This period coincided with the agricultural application of metaldehyde. Overall, there was a good agreement between the concentrations measured by the four techniques, each providing complementary information. The highest resolution data was obtained using the on-line GC/MS. During the study, there was a large exceedance (500 ng L−1) of metaldehyde that entered the treatment plant; but this was not related to rainfall in the area. Each monitoring method had its own advantages and disadvantages for monitoring investigations, particularly in terms of cost and turn-a-round time of data.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10661-019-7221-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Measuring metaldehyde in surface waters in the UK using two monitoring approaches

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa

Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

Comparison of different monitoring methods for the measurement of metaldehyde in surface waters

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