Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)

Walach, Harald; Buchheld, Nina; Buttenmüller, Valentin; Kleinknecht, Norman; Schmidt, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025

Cited by 1,117 publications

(908 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The FMI was chosen to measure trait mindfulness because, unlike some other measures (Grossman 2011), it yields scores that are positively associated with practice in state mindfulness. Scores for those who meditate frequently are higher than for those who meditate less frequently or not at all (Walach et al 2006). The FMI yields separate measures for presence (six items e.g., When…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First was the 14 item short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI, Walach et al 2006). The FMI was chosen to measure trait mindfulness because, unlike some other measures (Grossman 2011), it yields scores that are positively associated with practice in state mindfulness.…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a more stable trait, it refers to individual differences in the dispositional tendency to be mindful (e.g. Brown and Ryan 2003;Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmuller, Kleinknecht and Schmidt 2006;Walsh, Balint, Smolira, Fredericksen and Madsen 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Crawley

2014

Cogn Process

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Training in mindfulness skills has been shown to increase autobiographical memory specificity. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is also an association between individual differences in trait mindfulness and memory specificity using a non-clinical student sample (N = 70). Also examined were the relationships between other memory characteristics and trait mindfulness, self-reported depression and rumination. Participants wrote about 12 autobiographical memories which were recalled in response to emotion word cues in a minimal instruction version of the Autobiographical Memory Test, rated each memory for seven characteristics, and completed the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the Ruminative Responses Scale. Higher rumination scores were associated with more reliving and more intense emotion during recall.Depression scores were not associated with any memory variables. Higher trait mindfulness was associated with lower memory specificity and with more intense and more positive emotion during recall. Thus, trait mindfulness is associated with memory specificity but the association is opposite to that found in mindfulness training studies. It is suggested that this difference may be due to an influence of trait mindfulness on memory encoding as well as retrieval processes and an influence on the mode of self-awareness that leads to a greater focus on momentary rather than narrative self-reference.

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Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Crawley

2014

Cogn Process

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“…The subjects completed the Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI [Walach et al, 2006], German version) and the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS [Brown and Ryan, 2003], German version) as self-ratings for trait mindfulness. Further, they completed a self-rating scale for depression (SDS [Zung, 1965]).…”

Section: Questionnaires and Correlation Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

et al. 2010

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The regulation of emotions is an ongoing internal process and often a challenge. Current related neural models concern the intended control of reactions towards external events, mediated by prefrontal cortex regions upon basal emotion processing as in the amygdala. Cognitive strategies to regulate emotions in the context of affective disorders or stress reduction, increasingly applied in clinical practice, are also related to mindfulness techniques. We questioned their effects on neural emotion processing and investigated brain activity during purely internal mental self-referential processes of making current emotions and self-related cognitions aware. Thirty healthy subjects performed a task comprising periods of cognitive self-reflection, of introspection for actual own emotions and feelings, and of a neutral condition, while they were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activations of twenty-seven subjects during emotion-introspection and self-reflection, and also a conjunction of both, were compared with the neutral condition. The conditions of self-reflection and emotion-introspection showed distinguishable activations in medial and ventrolateral prefrontal areas, in parietal regions and in the amygdala. Notably, amygdala activity decreased during emotion-introspection and increased compared to 'neutral' during self-reflection. The results indicate that already the self-referential mental state of making the actual emotional state aware is capable of attenuating emotional arousal. This extends current theories of emotion regulation and has implications for the application of mindfulness techniques as a component of psychotherapeutic strategies in affective disorders and also for possible everyday emotion regulation. AbstractThe regulation of emotions is an ongoing internal process and often a challenge. Current related neural models concern the intended control of reactions towards external events, mediated by prefrontal cortex regions upon basal emotion processing as in the amygdala. Cognitive strategies to regulate emotions in the context of affective disorders or stress reduction, increasingly applied in clinical practice, are also related to mindfulness techniques. We questioned their effects on neural emotion processing and investigated brain activity during purely internal mental selfreferential processes of making current emotions and self-related cognitions aware. Thirty healthy subjects performed a task comprising periods of cognitive self-reflection, of introspection for actual own emotions and feelings, and of a neutral condition, while they were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activations of twenty-seven subjects during emotion-introspection and self-reflection, and also a conjunction of both, were compared with the neutral condition. The conditions of self-reflection and emotion-introspection showed distinguishable activations in medial and ventrolateral prefrontal areas, in parietal regions and in the amygdala. Notably, amygdala activ...

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“…We also assessed for depression (CES-D) [51,52], anxiety (STAIT) [53], mindfulness (Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)) [54], and physical self worth, attractiveness, physical strength, and condition (Physical Self Perception Profile Scale (PSPP)) [55]. Participants also reported frequency and duration of their participation in weekly exercise and concerns regarding postcessation weight gain (Smoking Situations Questionnaire (SSQ)) [56].…”

Section: Original Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment and initial interest of men in yoga for smoking cessation: QuitStrong, a randomized control pilot study

Gaskins

Jennings

Thind

et al. 2014

Behav. Med. Pract. Policy Res.

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Innovative treatments like yoga for men's smoking cessation (SC) are lacking. To examine the feasibility and acceptability of yoga for men's SC. We randomly assigned eligible men (smoker, ≥5 cigarettes/day, age 18-65) to receive cognitive behavioral therapy for SC, plus a yoga or wellness program. Measures included feasibility (recruitment, class attendance) and acceptability (customer satisfaction). We enrolled 38 of 49 eligible men of 167 screened in response to ads (mean age 39.9 years, ±13.7) who smoked on average 18.6 cigarettes/day (±8.3). Wellness (75.8 %) versus yoga (56 %) men attended more SC classes, p<0.01. Sixty percent attended ≥1 yoga class. Men reported greater satisfaction with in-house versus community yoga classes. Wellness appears to be the preferred intervention; results indicated that it may be more feasible and showed increased attendance at smoking classes. To be fully feasible, yoga + SC may need to be a unified program offering all classes tailored for men and in the same location. KeywordsSmoking cessation, Tobacco use cessation, Yoga, Exercise, Affect, Mind-body therapies INTRODUCTION Five times more men than women smoke worldwide [1]. In the USA in particular, where smoking is the leading preventable cause of death [2] and smoking prevalence has decreased by over 50 % since 1965, there are still significantly more men (21.5 %) than women (16.5 %) smokers [3]. The 2001 Surgeon General's report on women and smoking highlighted several urgent action items [4]. One of these action items was to "encourage the reporting of gender-specific results from studies of influences on smoking behavior, smoking prevention, and cessation interventions." Since 2001, researchers have made considerable progress toward increasing the evidence base and understanding of tobacco use and smoking cessation among women, although more research is still needed. However, given the continued significantly greater number of men who smoke and in some cases, higher rates of associated co-morbidities, it is imperative that the

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Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)

Cited by 1,117 publications

References 18 publications

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Self-related awareness and emotion regulation

Recruitment and initial interest of men in yoga for smoking cessation: QuitStrong, a randomized control pilot study

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