Measuring optimal psychological states: Proposal of two brief versions to measure flow and clutch in athletes

Abstract

BackgroundThe study of sports experiences with high levels of performance has led to the observation of two psychological states categorized as optimal, denominated flow and clutch. The objective of this study is to design and validate two brief scales version to measure flow and clutch.MethodsFollowing the MIMO (Maximum Information, Minimum Discomfort) protocol, three studies are carried out: In Study 1, we developed the short versions of the questionnaires based on theory-driven and data-driven criteria; in Study 2, we used quantitative criteria to validate the short versions; and in Study 3, we checked the final version of each scale to observe their statistical validity and their relation to other variables.ResultsThe new short flow scale is made up of seven items, while the clutch scale is made up of five items. Throughout the three studies, evidence is provided of the internal consistency, invariance of the measurement models and content validity, validity related to the responding process and validity in relation to other variables.ConclusionThis study provides two short versions to evaluate flow and clutch, which will help to continue advancing in the study of optimal psychological states in sport.

Analysis of the Sports Psychological Profile, Competitive Anxiety, Self-Confidence and Flow State in Young Football Players

“…On the other hand, in competitive contexts, the so-called flow state has been emphasized, characterised as an optimal psychological state wherein athletes can attain their highest level of performance [ 27 ]. Flow is defined as a subjective experience where athletes perceive a seamless alignment between the demands of sports practice and their ability to navigate them, creating an optimal state for sports performance [ 28 ]. Additionally, flow is associated with positive outcomes for athletes, including enhanced experience and subjective well-being, acting as a mediator between the two [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

“…Flow is defined as a subjective experience where athletes perceive a seamless alignment between the demands of sports practice and their ability to navigate them, creating an optimal state for sports performance [ 28 ]. Additionally, flow is associated with positive outcomes for athletes, including enhanced experience and subjective well-being, acting as a mediator between the two [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”