2009
DOI: 10.1007/s11747-009-0184-7
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Measuring personal cultural orientations: scale development and validation

Abstract: Cross-cultural studies using Hofstede's national scores to operationalize his five cultural factors at an individual level suffer from ecological fallacy, and those using self-report scales treat cultural factors as unidimensional constructs and provide little or no evidence of the construct validity and measurement equivalence of these scales. This paper reconceptualizes Hofstede's five cultural factors as ten personal cultural orientations and develops a new 40-item scale to measure them. It also establishes… Show more

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Cited by 314 publications
(480 citation statements)
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References 100 publications
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“…This review also highlights the fact that interviews and focus groups were the most widely used inductive methods (e.g., Lin and Hsieh 2011;Sharma 2010). Similar results were found in the systematic review by Kapuscinski and Masters (2010), Sveinbjornsdottir andThorsteinsson (2008), andLadhari (2010).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“…This review also highlights the fact that interviews and focus groups were the most widely used inductive methods (e.g., Lin and Hsieh 2011;Sharma 2010). Similar results were found in the systematic review by Kapuscinski and Masters (2010), Sveinbjornsdottir andThorsteinsson (2008), andLadhari (2010).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“…collectivism, and presents alternative, multi-dimensional approaches to cultural dimensions, including the 16-item Horizontal-Vertical Individualism-Collectivism scale (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998) or the multidimensional Personal Cultural Orientations scale (Sharma, 2010).…”
Section: Limitations and Strengthsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, users might engage in illicit behavior if they are asked to by managers, or to protect a manager or a senior person. In this study, we define PD as users' relationships with their superiors (supervisors, managers) [32].…”
Section: Espoused National Culturementioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this study, we define PD as users' relationships with their superiors [32]. High PD environments assume that managers make all decisions and employees are not to question these decisions.…”
Section: Hypothesis 4c: In Korea Perceived Self-construal Behavior Hmentioning
confidence: 99%