Measuring photoionization cross-sections of excited atomic states

Evidence of a Cooper minimum in the photoionization from the7s2S1/2excited state of potassium

“…The rate equations involving the number densities in the ground state, excited state, and the ionization channels have been solved to derive a relation for the number of ions produced as a function of the intensity of the ionizing laser. This method was originally suggested by Ambartzumian et al [30] and Heinzmann et al [31] and has been used and described by a number of researchers [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]; it has been extensively used for the measurement of photoionization cross sections of lithium isotopes [20][21][22] and of the excited states of alkali-metal and alkaline earth metals [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Saturation is explained by the fact that as the intensity of the ionizing laser is increased, the ion signal keeps on increasing until the point at which any further increase in the ionizing laser intensity will not increase the ion signal.…”

RIMS analysis of ion induced fragmentation of molecules sputtered from an enriched U3O8 matrix

“…Peaks correspond to resonantly ionized uranium atoms and UO x molecules ionized via a 1+1 REMPI process. Photoionization cross sections for each of these species have been calculated previously [unpublished] using the saturation ionization technique [28]. This technique allows for direct conversion of the observed ion signals into the composition of the sputtered flux.…”

Photoionization studies from the 3p P2 excited state of neutral lithium

“…The absolute value of the photoionization cross section from the 3p 2 P excited state of lithium at the first ionization threshold was measured using the saturation absorption technique as introduced in [36][37][38]. This technique has been extensively used for the measurement of photoionization cross section of excited states of various elements [39][40][41][42].…”