Measuring Physical Environments of Parks and Playgrounds: EAPRS Instrument Development and Inter-Rater Reliability

Saelens, Brian E.; Frank, Lawrence D.; Auffrey, Christopher; Whitaker, Robert C.; Burdette, Hillary L.; Colabianchi, Natalie

doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s190

Cited by 196 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Agreement among raters for condition (kappa= 0.537-0.921) and cleanliness (kappa=0.462-0.917) items was moderate to nearly perfect. These values exceeded published ranges (i.e., good to excellent, moderate, and poor) for EAPRS inter-rater reliability 44 in the presence/absence items, condition, and cleanliness items.…”

Section: Inter-rater Reliabilitycontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…EAPRS was developed to evaluate park settings in order to examine their relationship with health behaviors. 44 It was designed to collect data on character, condition, and size of specific use areas (e.g., open space, wooded areas) and other amenities and facilities (e.g., restrooms, shelters). Among measurement tools available to assess park environments, EAPRS includes items to assess natural features (e.g., trees, topography, shrubs) as well as human-made features (e.g., trails, playgrounds, picnic shelters).…”

Section: Measurement and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income

Bruton

Floyd

2014

J Urban Health

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Known associations between the built environment and health outcomes have accelerated research examining racial/ethnic and income disparities in access to parks and other community features that support physical activity. Currently, it cannot be concluded that park characteristics are equal in quantity or condition across areas of disparate race/ethnicity and income composition. This study examined natural and built park characteristics across areas of different race/ethnicity and income composition to identify potential disparities. Twenty-one parks in Greensboro, NC (USA), located in minority or non-minority areas and in low or medium-high income areas were inventoried using a park audit tool and GIS. Parks were compared on number of activity areas, features, amenities, size, percent tree canopy, cleanliness, and condition. Independent sample t tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare means of outcome variables. Fisher's exact tests were applied for categorical variables. Fewer wooded areas and more trash cans were found in low-income and minority areas as compared to medium-high income and non-minority areas. Low-income areas were found to have more picnic areas than their counterparts. Sitting and resting features in non-minority areas were found to be cleaner than those in minority areas. Results showed some evidence of disparities in park characteristics. Findings can inform park policy and design as well as renovations and maintenance procedures, particularly in specific areas where existing disparities were identified.

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Section: Inter-rater Reliabilitycontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Measurement and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income

Bruton

Floyd

2014

J Urban Health

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“…Some studies adopted measures of safety through crime rate, traffic accident rate, appearance of an emergency telephone, or lighting [28,50]. Future research could use such objective measures or other park audit instruments that capture park quality [19,46] in addition to self-reported perceptions to better understand relationships with physical activity and health, as well as the congruence between the various measurement approaches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most previous research has employed objective measures, such as observational audits and geographic information systems (GIS) methods to examine park characteristics related to physical activity. Such studies find that park proximity, size, neighborhood environment, park and facility condition, number of features, and certain park facilities (e.g., wooded areas, trails, playgrounds, and sidewalks) are related to park use and physical activity [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. For example, Cohen et al [14] observed 54,660 individuals in 51 parks and found a positive association between park size and park use; with every 1-acre increase in size, an additional 95 visitors were observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of Neighborhood Park Quality: Associations with Physical Activity and Body Mass Index

et al. 2013

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Background Parks are important resources for physical activity (PA), yet few studies have examined how perceptions of park characteristics relate to PA and health. Purpose This study investigated associations between perceptions of neighborhood park quality and overall moderateto-vigorous PA (MVPA), park-based PA, and body mass index (BMI). Methods Data were collected via questionnaire from 893 households in Kansas City, Missouri. Results The newly developed neighborhood park quality scale demonstrated good test-retest and internal reliability. Residents' perceptions of neighborhood park quality were related to PA and health outcomes. Perceiving parks as a benefit was positively related to overall MVPA and park-based PA and negatively related to BMI. Perceptions of well-used parks were positively related to BMI, while perceived cleanliness was negatively related to parkbased PA. Conclusions Better measuring and understanding how perceptions of local parks are associated with PA and health can improve appreciation of how parks facilitate active living.

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“…Open-ended questions were removed for the purpose of test retest reliability. An a priori percentage agreement of ≥75% was considered acceptable based on previous published reliability studies (Saelens et al, 2006;Singh et al, 2011). A total of 30 coded items were included in the analysis to determine test retest reliability.…”

Section: Test Retest Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graft tensioning in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Kirwan¹

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BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is an effective procedure for restoring stability and function. Being a technically demanding procedure, patient outcomes are highly dependent on numerous surgical factors, which are critical for success. The application of tension to the graft prior to tibial fixation is one such factor and is considered essential for the restoration of joint stability, normal knee biomechanics, graft revascularisation and patient function. In applying tension, a key factor is the amount of force applied to the graft. However, the method of applying the tension, position of the knee during tensioning, properties of the graft material, tunnel placement and graft fixation device can all influence the effect that graft tension has on outcomes. Despite the reported importance of graft tension there has been limited empirical evidence defining the best tensioning practice for restoring patient outcome post ACLR. AimsThe goal of this program of research was to explore the effect that different aspects of graft tensioning has on patient function post ACLR. To address the aims of the thesis, three studies were conducted. The first study was a systematic review aimed at examining if a particular amount of tension results in better functional outcomes post ACLR. The second study aimed to compare the effect of two methods of applying graft tension on patient function post ACLR. The study used a prospective randomised controlled trial to compare manual tensioning with the use of a tensioning device. The third study aimed to define current graft tensioning practices and explore the factors that influence surgical decision making. A national survey of Australian orthopaedic surgeons was conducted to achieve the aims of the study. ResultsThe systematic review (study one) revealed that a medium graft tension of 79N to 90N produced the least side-to-side difference (STSD) in anterior posterior (AP) tibial translation as measured by a KT-1000 when compared to tensions <79 or >90N. However, the heterogeneous use of functional outcomes inhibited the ability to draw conclusions on other patient specific functional outcomes.Furthermore, the review highlighted the lack of high quality studies, which also failed to discuss other aspects of graft tension such as the method of applying tension.iii Building on the findings of study one, the second study undertook a RCT to compare the functional outcomes of applying 80N of force with a tensioning device (TD) (n=10) to a manual tensioning method (MT) (n=13) using an estimated force described as a sustained maximum one handed pull.Patients were assessed at pre-surgery and two weeks, three months, six months and 12 months post Based on the findings of study one, tensioning between 79N and 90N appeared to improve the restoration of joint stability, when compared to higher and lower tensions. However, no effect on patient function within 24 months post surgery was apparent. Furthermore, study two observed that tension did not appear to have an...

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Measuring Physical Environments of Parks and Playgrounds: EAPRS Instrument Development and Inter-Rater Reliability

Abstract: The EAPRS instrument provides comprehensive assessment of parks' and playgrounds' physical environment, with generally high reliability.

Cited by 196 publications

References 19 publications

Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income

Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income

Perceptions of Neighborhood Park Quality: Associations with Physical Activity and Body Mass Index

Graft tensioning in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

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