Measuring Symmetry in Children with Unrepaired Cleft Lip: Defining a Standard for the Three-Dimensional Midfacial Reference Plane

Wu, Jia; Heike, Carrie L.; Birgfeld, Craig B.; Evans, Kelly N.; Maga, A. Murat; Morrison, Clinton S.; Saltzman, Babette S.; Shapiro, Linda G.; Tse, Raymond

doi:10.1597/15-053

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Jia Wu et al showed that the angle difference between the two planes is easily perceived when it is more than 6° [23]. The angle error between the WPA SRP and the professional plane was less than 2°, which indicates that the accuracy of the WPA SRP was almost equal to that of the professional plane and therefore had better clinical suitability than the PA SRP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

Zhu

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background We aimed to establish a novel method based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis (WPA) algorithm that assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks to automatically construct a three-dimensional facial Symmetry Reference Plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were extracted independently from 15 mandibular deviation patients, using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane defined from professional experience served as the ground truth. To test whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and for each facial third partitions. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than the error of those constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm based on weighted anatomic landmarks provided a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and better simulated the diagnosis strategy of clinical experts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

Zhu

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Wu et al showed that the angle difference between the two planes is easily perceived when it is > 6° [23].…”

Section: Analysis Of Fai Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

Zhu

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

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“…The study analyzed the reduction of the asymmetry index, as described by Wu et al, because of the simplicity and high reproducibility of the protocol proposed by the authors [14].…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Assessment of Morphological Changes Following Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: A Case Report

et al. 2019

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The applications of computer-guided technologies for three-dimensional image analysis provide a unique opportunity to quantify the morphological dimensional changes of the face in a practical and convenient way. Symmetry of the nasolabial area is one of the main factors of facial attractiveness as well as being the main objective of the treatment of cleft lip and palate (CLP). Technological advances in computer-guided visualization modes and their applications to three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry provide more practical opportunities and alternatives for facial analysis. Each study, however, uses different protocols for the acquisition and analysis of three-dimensional images. In addition, each study identifies different anthropometric points and calculates linear and angular measurements with overlapping protocols. Therefore, it is appropriate to define a standardization of the three-dimensional analysis of CLP patients to compare the studies of different research centers. The aim of this report is to propose a protocol to standardize the acquisition and analysis of three-dimensional images to evaluate the three-dimensional changes in the nasolabial area in cleft lip and palate patients undergoing pre-surgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM).

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Measuring Symmetry in Children with Unrepaired Cleft Lip: Defining a Standard for the Three-Dimensional Midfacial Reference Plane

Cited by 31 publications

References 47 publications

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

Three-Dimensional Assessment of Morphological Changes Following Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: A Case Report

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