“…Moreover, these discrete positive emotions and negative emotions are presumed to differentially relate to a wide range of learning outcomes (e.g., motivation, cognition, interest, learning strategies, and performance; see Pekrun et al, 2011). Although this line of emotion research has traditionally tended to focus on domain-general emotion variables, such as general test anxiety, or on students' math-related emotions (e.g., Goetz et al, 2010;Pekrun et al, 2017), the construct of achievement emotions has recently attracted increasing attention from L2 researchers (e.g., Starkey-Perret et al, 2018;Shao et al, 2019Shao et al, , 2020Davari et al, 2020). As Davari et al (2020, p. 4) pointed out, "Adherence to a complex system of learning emotions would set L2 researchers free of a narrow, discrete approach to investigating language emotions.…”