Measuring the k–S–p relations on DNAPLs migration

Experimental Study on the Measurement of S-p Relations of LNAPL in a Porous Medium

“…A sodium chloride solution with the concentration of 0.05 mol W l was used as the initial pore water to raise the reactivity of the electrical conductivity probe and to avoid the formation of condenser component in the sand system (Kamon et al, 2003). The full water saturation of sandy medium was achieved by an underwater falling method.…”

“…The diŠerence is that the curvature in air-water system is somewhat bigger, although the conductivity of the LNAPL and the air is negligible compared to that of the sodium chloride solution. This would be caused by the wettability of the gilded electrode of the electrical conductivity probe (Kamon et al, 2003). Assuming that the wettability of the electrode is water-wet in the water-air system, and the pore air having no excess pressure, the pore water forms water lm around the electrode, and the contact angle between water and the electrode becomes less than 909 .…”

“…Thus, a ceramic cup of a normal tensiometer should be modiˆed to be hydrophobic. There are some modiˆcation methods proposed, one is spraying water-proof material to the ceramic cup (Endo, 2002;Kamon et al, 2003) and the other is soaking the ceramic cup in a Glassclad 18 solution for 20 minutes, then oven-drying it at 1009 C for 1.5 hours (Busby et al, 1994). The former method was selected in the experiment.…”

“…11, where the one in the air-water system under the drainage process (Kamon et al, 2003) is also plotted. These S-p relations are obtained at the same test condi- Table 2.…”

“…These methods are quite accurate and non-destructive; however, they require special caution to avoid possible health hazards or higher investment. In this paper, water saturation is measured with electrical conductivity probes (Endo, 2002;Kamon et al, 2003).…”