“…The RE-TPM estimation results of the impacts of EP on four types of health care expenditures are shown in Table 1. EP is significantly associated with higher health care costs, regardless of whether the expenditures are total, inpatient, OOP or other expenditures (Table 1, Columns 2, 4, 6, and 8), which is consistent with Oliveras, Artazcoz, et al (2020) for Spain, Bukari et al (2021) for Ghana, and Faizan and Thakur (2022) for India.…”