Measuring the Value of the Arts to Society: The Importance of the Value of Externalities for Lower Income and Education Groups in South Africa

Art for the Masses? Justification for the Public Support of the Arts in Developing Countries – Two Arts Festivals in South Africa

“…A very similar format used in a previous Grahamstown festival study (Snowball and Antrobus, 2001) resulted in a good response rate and, compared to the openended format questions asked at the end of the questionnaire, took a relatively short time. Besides reminding respondents of their feelings regarding the festivals and acting as an icebreaker, this section also acted as a useful consistency check with the debriefing section after the WTP question later in the questionnaire.…”

“…The WTP scenario was constructed based on the original Grahamstown pilot study (Snowball and Antrobus, 2001) and in consultation with other reviewers (Noonan and Thompson, personal communication (2003). The scenario reminded respondents of other government projects worthy of tax spending, thus giving respondents legitimate reasons not to be willing to pay.…”

Let’s be festive: Exploratory notes on festival tourism in South Africa

“…As a whole it is now known that both the economic and social impact is unevenly distributed through urban communities and can sometimes be of very limited positive input. Snowball and Antrobus (2001), following the pioneering work of Mitchell and Wall (1986), demonstrated that smaller festivals produced the most economic benefit, but that as festivals became more established the economic impact became relatively less significant. However, Snowball and Antrobus' (2001) research also complicates part of these claims by finding, for example, that owing to economic leakages out of local economies, festivals in smaller urban centres are more pronounced than in larger towns and small cities.…”

Spatialities of Urban Change: Selected Themes from Bloemfontein at the Beginning of the 21st Century

“…The literature suggests that smaller festivals generally produce the greatest economic benefits. However, as festivals became more established, the economic impact became relatively less significant (Snowball and Antrobus, 2001). Notwithstanding this, investigations have found that because of economic leakages out of local economies, festivals in smaller urban centres are more pronounced than in larger towns and small cities (Snowball and Antrobus, 2001).…”

“…Hence, motivation for the public funding of arts events such as the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, for example, has become critical (Snowball and Antrobus, 2001). …”