Meat from the Wild: Extractive Uses of Wildlife and Alternatives for Sustainability

Vliet, N. Van; Cornélis, Daniel; Beck, Harald; Lindsey, Peter A.; Nasi, Robert; Lebel, S.; Moreno, J García; Fragoso, José M. V.; Jori, Ferrán

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27912-1_10

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…A Typology of Extinction Risk in Traded Animals The extinction of large-bodied animals traded in international luxury markets, such as elephants and rhinoceroses, is among the most significant conservation concerns of the past half century [5][6][7][8]. Less attention has been paid to marine species, but evidence that trade is increasing extinction risk in large marine fishes has begun to result in international protections, particularly for sharks and rays (subclass Elasmobranchii), heavily traded for dried fins and gill plates [9][10][11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Trade-Driven Extinction Risk in Marine and Terrestrial Megafauna

2016

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Large animals hunted for the high value of their parts (e.g., elephant ivory and shark fins) are at risk of extinction due to both intensive international trade pressure and intrinsic biological sensitivity. However, the relative role of trade, particularly in non-perishable products, and biological factors in driving extinction risk is not well understood [1-4]. Here we identify a taxonomically diverse group of >100 marine and terrestrial megafauna targeted for international luxury markets; estimate their value across three points of sale; test relationships among extinction risk, high value, and body size; and quantify the effects of two mitigating factors: poaching fines and geographic range size. We find that body size is the principal driver of risk for lower value species, but that this biological pattern is eliminated above a value threshold, meaning that the most valuable species face a high extinction risk regardless of size. For example, once mean product values exceed US$12,557 kg(-1), body size no longer drives risk. Total value scales with size for marine animals more strongly than for terrestrial animals, incentivizing the hunting of large marine individuals and species. Poaching fines currently have little effect on extinction risk; fines would need to be increased 10- to 100-fold to be effective. Large geographic ranges reduce risk for terrestrial, but not marine, species, whose ranges are ten times greater. Our results underscore both the evolutionary and ecosystem consequences of targeting large marine animals and the need to geographically scale up and prioritize conservation of high-value marine species to avoid extinction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Trade-Driven Extinction Risk in Marine and Terrestrial Megafauna

2016

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“…Ramos-Elorduy (2006) recorded 18 species from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, threatened by pollution, habitat change, and overexploitation. This is called "anthropocene defaunation" by Van Vliet et al (2016); humans cause a local population decline or even species extirpation. We give examples of aquatic insects whose populations are threatened due to pollution: caterpillar species in Africa, which are disappearing due to overexploitation and logging; edible insect species considered pests in agro-ecosystems; and insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in natural ecosystems.…”

Section: Alternative Protein Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conservation and enhancement of edible insects from the wild should also take into account the complex and dynamic relationships between ecosystems, collectors, consumers, traders, timber producers, and the different exogenous drivers of change (such as climate change) that either affect the social or the ecological components of the system (Van Vliet et al 2016). The focus should not be solely on maximum yields based on ecological principles, but also on social interaction leading to adaptive resource management and governance.…”

Section: Conserving and Enhancing The Availability Of Wild Insect Popmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Huis

Oonincx

2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

663

381

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With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into highquality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity.

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“…Although the low number of volunteers monitored hunters in the second stage of hunting monitoring (n = 20), we believe that these data represent the current scenario of hunting among the most active hunters that allowed the collection of such information. The results on the number of animals and taxa hunted diverge from other studies regarding the annual rate of extraction of these resources in places with high faunistic diversity, such as the Amazon region [2,10,36], as well as in other tropical regions such as many African countries [37][38][39][40]. These differences in relation to the Amazon, for example, may be directly related to the faunistic composition and its size and the nutritional demands of the region [4,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Use of game fauna by Fulni-ô people in Northeastern Brazil: implications for conservation

Silva

Nascimento

Alves

et al. 2020

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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Background: Due to the influence of several factors on the hunting of game meat, we investigated how the seasonality of the environment, the abundance, and the biomass of wild animals, as well as the proximity to these resources, can affect the hunting. Methods: The research was developed with the Fulni-ô people in the municipality of Águas Belas, Agreste of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil. In order to do this, we applied snowball sampling to select the participants. Data from potentially useful game species were obtained from lists and semi-structured interviews to register their particular kind of uses, capture periods (daytime, night, or both), preferences, and perceived abundance. The hunters who allowed their game meat captured to be weighed and identified were followed for 1 year. Results: Our records pointed to a vast repertoire of potentially hunting animals. However, we did not verify relationships between the abundance, seasonality, and biomass of the animals that were hunted by the Fulni-ô. We observed a total of 209,866 (kg) of game meat hunted in the studied group, belonging to 23 species, distributed in three taxonomic groups, the birds being the most representative group with 59% of total reported. Conclusion: Such consumption by the group is well below in terms of biomass when compared to other ethnic or local groups in other regions of Brazil, or in Caatinga areas, characterizing an activity much more of cultural character than subsistence. Also, the use of game meat among the Fulni-ô seems to be actively directed to the preferred species, suggesting that in the case of an urbanized indigenous community, where other sources of income are available, the demand for game meat is lower when compared to other ethnic groups.

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Meat from the Wild: Extractive Uses of Wildlife and Alternatives for Sustainability

Cited by 28 publications

References 160 publications

Rethinking Trade-Driven Extinction Risk in Marine and Terrestrial Megafauna

Rethinking Trade-Driven Extinction Risk in Marine and Terrestrial Megafauna

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Use of game fauna by Fulni-ô people in Northeastern Brazil: implications for conservation

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