Mechanical and Metallurgical Evaluation of 3 Different Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments: An In Vitro and In Laboratory Study

Abstract

An in-depth evaluation of the mechanical and metallurgical properties of NiTi instruments is fundamental to assess their performance and to compare recently introduced instrument with widespread ones. According to this, since there are no data on this topic, the aim of the study was to mechanically and metallurgically evaluate an instrument recently introduced into the market (ZenFlex (ZF)), by comparing it with two well-known instruments with similar characteristics: Vortex Blue (VB) and EdgeSequel Sapphire (EES). According to this, 195 instruments were selected: 65 ZF, 65 VB and 65 EES. Each group was divided in subgroups according to the mechanical tests (i.e., cyclic fatigue resistance, torsional resistance and bending ability; (n = 20)) and the metallurgical test (differential scanning calorimetry (n = 5)). A scanning electron microscopy was performed to verify the causes of fracture after mechanical tests (cyclic fatigue and torsional tests). According to results, VB showed the highest flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance in comparison to the other instruments, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Regarding torsional resistance, EES showed the lowest value of torque at fracture, with a statistically significant difference, whilst the comparison between ZF and VB showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). DSC analysis pointed out that VB had the highest austenite start and finish temperatures, followed by ESS and then ZF. ESS sample showed the highest martensite start and finish temperatures followed by VB and ZF. Considering the results, it can be concluded that VB showed the best mechanical performance during static tests in comparison to ESS and ZF. This is fundamentally due to the interaction of parameters such as instrument design and heat-treatments that are able to enhance its mechanical performance.

Advancing Nitinol: From heat treatment to surface functionalization for nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments in endodontics

“…ZenFlex (Kerr Corporation, Pomona, CA, USA) claims to have greater resistance to cyclic fatigue when compared to VortexBlue with increased resistance to torsional stresses [ 183 ]. However, this is contradicted by Zanza et al that demonstrated that ZenFlex had lower number of cycles to failure compared to VortexBlue, which may be due to more austenitic phase at room temperature in ZenFlex compared to VortexBlue [ 184 ].…”

Endodontic Orthograde Retreatments: Challenges and Solutions

“…The main causes of intracanal separation of NiTi rotary and reciprocating instruments are cyclic fatigue and the excessive torsional load or the combination of the two mentioned factors. [106][107][108][109] Despite the presence of an instrument fragment in the root canal system is not intrinsically a factor able to affect the outcome of endodontic treatments, if not properly managed, it can jeopardize chemo-mechanical disinfection and obturation procedures, compromising the eradication of vital and/or infected tissues. 110,111 According to the literature, the incidence of intracanal separation ranges from approximately 0.2% to 25%, with a decreasing trend over the years probably due to innovations in terms of design, metallurgy, and kinematics.…”

Comparing the impact of various sterilization methods on the cyclic fatigue resistance, bending strength, and torsional fatigue properties of NiTi rotary files

“…These SS files have a higher risk of perforation, canal ledge or zip formation and even separation of file in the canal. This risk is more frequently observed in curved root canals [2][3][4]. In comparison to the SS file system, the NiTi file has not only reduced the working time but also effective in canal preparation [5].…”