Mechanical and structural characterization of electrospun PAN-derived carbon nanofibers

Zussman, Eyal; Chen, X.; Ding, Weiqiang; Calabri, L.; Dikin, Dmitriy A.; Quintana, J. P.; Ruoff, Rodney S.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.03.031

Cited by 461 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…To estimate the actual evaporation time, a tubular nanofiber, [54][55][56] filled with solvent, is examined. This system can be considered as an extreme case of the model discussed 47 by Guenther et al 36 Use of such tubular nanofibers enables in situ tracking of the kinetics of solvent evaporation through the nanofiber shell.…”

Section: Postprocesses Relaxation In Electrospun Nanofibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Arinstein

Zussman

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

138

103

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This article reviews and discusses some open problems concerning polymer materials of reduced sizes and dimensions. Such objects exhibit exceptional physical properties when compared with their macroscopic counterparts. More specifically, abrupt increases in polymer nanofiber elastic modulus have been observed when diameters drop below a certain value. In addition, temperature dependence of elastic modulus is highly influenced by fiber diameter. Mechanical (macroscopic) analyses have failed to provide satisfactory explanations for the mechanisms ruling such features, calling for detailed microscopic examination of the systems in question. A hypothesis bridging the current knowledge gaps is presented. The key element of this hypothesis is based on confinement of the supermolecular microstructure of polymer nanofibers and its dominant role in the deformation process. This suggestion challenges the commonly held view suggesting that surface effects are the most significant parameters impacting mechanical and thermodynamic nanofiber behaviors. The review will focus on the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of electrospun polymer nanofibers, selected as representatives of nanoscale polymer objects.

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Section: Postprocesses Relaxation In Electrospun Nanofibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Arinstein

Zussman

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

138

103

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“…This is the first time we observed the apparent Fyielding_ of a nanostructure under tension. The other nanostructures we have studied, such as crystalline boron nanowires [34], carbon nanofibers [42] and templated carbon nanotubes [43], all failed at low strain in a brittle manner. Relatively large loading steps were used in those tests, and thus any yielding of nanostructures if present, was not captured.…”

Section: Yieldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulus, Fracture Strength, and Brittle vs. Plastic Response of the Outer Shell of Arc-grown Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

Calabri²,

et al. 2006

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The fracture strengths and elastic moduli of arc-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured by tensile loading inside of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Eighteen tensile tests were performed on 14 MWCNTs with three of them being tested multiple times (3Â, 2Â, and 2Â, respectively). All the MWCNTs fractured in the Bsword-insheath'' mode. The diameters of the MWCNTs were measured in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the outer diameter with an assumed 0.34 nm shell thickness was used to convert measured loaddisplacement data to stress and strain values. An unusual yielding before fracture was observed in two tensile loading experiments. The 18 outer shell fracture strength values ranged from 10 to 66 GPa, and the 18 Young's modulus values, obtained from a linear fit of the stress-strain data, ranged from 620 to 1,200 GPa, with a mean of 940 GPa. The possible influence of stress concentration at the clamps is discussed.

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“…While resonance frequency measurements of the material modulus have been successfully reported for metallic and ceramic wires, 16,17 their application to polymeric fibers is not trivial because of the limited bending rigidity of the fibers that results in a whipping motion under lateral excita-tion. Recently, a novel method for measuring the linear response of single polymeric nanofibers has been reported, in which the shift in the resonance frequency of an attached atomic force microscope ͑AFM͒ cantilever was used to calculate the fiber stiffness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Finally, tension tests, following macroscale standards, involve the least number of assumptions necessary to extract material properties, and allow for fiber testing until failure. 19 Due to the small nanofiber dimensions, several authors implemented a combination of AFM cantilevers as the load sensors 16,[20][21][22] to conduct tests inside a scanning electron microscope ͑SEM͒. 22 Zussman et al used this method to test carbon nanofibers from polymeric precursors and nanofibers 20 under an optical microscope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Zussman et al used this method to test carbon nanofibers from polymeric precursors and nanofibers 20 under an optical microscope. 16 Moreover, tension tests have been performed using a commercial apparatus. 12,23,24 While convenient from an instrumentation viewpoint, the force range of commercial equipment can be prohibitive for nanofibers with diameters of a few hundreds of nanometers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel method for mechanical characterization of polymeric nanofibers

Naraghi

Chasiotis

Kahn

et al. 2007

Review of Scientific Instruments

124

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A novel method to perform nanoscale mechanical characterization of highly deformable nanofibers has been developed. A microelectromechanical system ͑MEMS͒ test platform with an on-chip leaf-spring load cell that was tuned with the aid of a focused ion beam was built for fiber gripping and force measurement and it was actuated with an external piezoelectric transducer. Submicron scale tensile tests were performed in ambient conditions under an optical microscope. Engineering stresses and strains were obtained directly from images of the MEMS platform, by extracting the relative rigid body displacements of the device components by digital image correlation. The accuracy in determining displacements by this optical method was shown to be better than 50 nm. In the application of this method, the mechanical behavior of electrospun polyacrylonitrite nanofibers with diameters ranging from 300 to 600 nm was investigated. The stress-strain curves demonstrated an apparent elastic-perfectly plastic behavior with elastic modulus of 7.6± 1.5 GPa and large irreversible strains that exceeded 220%. The large fiber stretch ratios were the result of a cascade of periodic necks that formed during cold drawing of the nanofibers.

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Mechanical and structural characterization of electrospun PAN-derived carbon nanofibers

Cited by 461 publications

References 39 publications

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives

Modulus, Fracture Strength, and Brittle vs. Plastic Response of the Outer Shell of Arc-grown Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

Novel method for mechanical characterization of polymeric nanofibers

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