“…There are several common methods used to induce compressive residual stresses to the subsurfaces of solid materials such as shot peening [2,75,76], severe shot peening [55,58,77], laser shock peening [78,79], deep cold rolling [6,80] and roller burnishing [81]. Among these methods, shot peening has been widely used in industries ranging from aerospace to construction with up to 75% of the components in airplane engines being subjected to shot peening [82,83].…”