“…The AE features which are extracted in postprocessing from the recorded by various sensing methods AE data (typically in the form of waveforms of voltage versus time) include time, frequency and energy parameters such as amplitude, peak frequency, wave nature (burst vs continuous), duration, energy, and partial powers, which are used to identify the time of activation and in some instances the location of primary AE sources [46][47][48][49]. Known sources of AE include plastic deformation [32,50], cracking [27,34,35,37,38], corrosion [50,51], and others [14,[52][53][54]. In fact, AE monitoring has been used for material characterization and damage identification across length scales including microscale [14,30,32], mesoscale [27,29,34,38,39] and macroscale [25,31], which makes this technique particularly relevant in the recently widely explored area of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) [55,56].…”